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AP Bio Chapter 13

WordDefinition
heredity the transmission of traits from one generation to the next
variation when offspring differ somewhat in in appearance from parents to siblings
Genetics the scientific study of heredity and heredity variation
genes coded information in the form of hereditary units passed on from parents to offspring
locus (pl. loci) a gene's specific location along the length of a chromosome
asexual reproduction a single individual is the sole parent and passes along copies of all its genes to its offspring, ex. single-celled eukaryotic organisms
clone a group of genetically identical individual, reproduced asexually
sexual reproduction greater in variations, two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from two parents
life cycle aka the circle of life : ) the generation to generation sequences of stages in the reproductive history of an organism, from conception to reproduction
somatic cell any cell other than a sperm or ovam
karyotype a method of organizing the chromosomes of a cell in relation to number,size, and type
homologous chromosomes two chromosomes that have the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern
sex chromosomes X and Y chromosomes that determines a persons sex
autosomes any chromosome other than X and Y
gametes a reproductive cell, 22 autosomes
haploid cell a cell with a single chromosome set
fertilization (syngamy) the union of gametes
zygote fertizlized egg, result of fertilization
diploid cells includes the zygote and all other cells having 2 sets of chromosomes
meiosis form of cell division in testes and ovaries, occurs in 2 concectutive cell divisions (I & II)
alternation of generations type of life cycle, prominent in plants, both diploid and haploid multicellular stages
sporophyte multicellular diploid stage of alternation of generations
spores haploid cells produced by meiosis in the sporophyte
gametophyte the multicellular haploid stage when a spore divides mitotically
synapsis when duplicated chromosomes pair up with their homologues
tetrad four closely associated chromatids of a homologous pair
chiasmata (chiasma) x shaped regions representing a crossing of nonsister chromatid
crossing over produces individual chromosomes that combine genes inherited from two parents
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