Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
BZ 310 Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| v-type pumps | uses pyrophosphate (PPi-> 2Pi) |
| pH 3 is | 1 mmol concentration of H+ |
| ion channel proteins | favored by membrane potential |
| proton antiport proteins into vacuole | Na, Ca, sucrose (H+ out to make it favorable) |
| tight junction | prevents flow between cells in the intestinal tract |
| how is glucose taken up? | 2 Na+ for every 1 glucose then ATPase removes the Na+ (also osmosis is occurring with water) |
| 3 main types of neurons | sensory, interneurons, motor |
| why are action potentials uni-directional? | refractory period of Na+ gated channels on other side that just opened |
| action potentials are a ___ ____ ____ | positive feedback loop |
| what returns membrane potential back to normal? | K+ voltage gated (out) and leak channels |
| voltage gated K+ channels are also called | shaker channels b/c of fruit flies that shake due to deficiency of them |
| where does depolarization occur? | Nodes of Ranvier, not in places where myelin is present |
| series of events at neuromuscular junction | action potential, Ca2+ channel opens, synaptic vesicle fuses w/ membrane, neurotransmitter release, acetylcholine binds, Na+ in, Ca2+ released into cytosol, muscle contraction, P-class pump moves Ca2+ back into SR |
| axon hillock | depolarization must reach potential for an AP to go; all or none principle |
| how do local anesthetics work? | block Na+ channels in sensory neurons |
| where does the majority of ATP in neurons go? | Na/K pump (3 Na out 2 K in) |
| patch clamping | salty solution over a single channel, then an electrode inside; measure current and potential |
| ΔG total= | ΔGconc + ΔGvolt |
| ATP hydrolysis pkg/kcal per mol | about 8 pkg; 10-12 kcal/mol |
| ΔGconc at 300K | -1.4 x log C0/Ci (i=intended not initial) |
| ΔGvolt= | zFV (charge x 23 x volt) |
| which transporter transports glucose from enterocyte? | glut-2 |
| pmf= | V + 60 mV x ΔpH |
| ion motive force= | V + 60 mV x log (C0/Ci) |
| simplified Nernst equation | V=60 mV x log (C0/Ci) |
| Valinomycin | allow K+ to transfer across |
| Nigericin | K+/H+ antiport ionophore |
| A23187 | Ca2+ ionophore |
| CCCP | H+ ionophore |
| NH4+ | H+ ionophore |
| Gramicidin | nonspecific pore ionophore |
| TPP+ | lipophilic cation, delocalized charges |
| anabolic pathways are (4) | endergonic, divergent, reductive, NADPH intermediate |
| catabolic pathways are (4) | exergonic, convergent, oxidative, NADH intermediate |
| reduced have __ ___ electrons | high energy |
| oxidized have ___ ____ electrons | low energy |
| negative E0 | strong electron donor |
| positive E0 | strong electron acceptor |
| what is required to break down very large FAs? | peroxisomes |
| 2 regulated enzymes in glycolysis | hexokinase and phosphofructokinase |
| pyruvate -> acetyl coA what enzyme? | pyruvate dehydrogenase |
| reactions in mitochondria | pyruvate -> acetate + CO2 + NADH |
| guanine vs adenine | guanine has a double bond oxygen |
| FAD/FMN | flavins |
| max ATP made from one glucose | would be 38 but 2 used up to get into mitochondria |
| palmityl coA -> | 31 NADH + 15 FADH2 + 8 ATP = 131 ATP |
| lactate -> pyruvate cost | 6 ATP in liver (back to glucose) |
| 0-3 secounds | ATP stocks |
| 2-10 seconds | creatine-P |
| 7-60 seconds | anaerobic metabolism + respiration |
| 1min- 90 min | respiration (glucose and fats) |
| over 90 minutes | fats only |
| pmf is used for ___ in bacteria | motility |
| oxidation is ___ to pmf generation | coupled |
| type 1 redox carriers | capacity for protons and elctrons (ubquinone) |
| type 2 redox carriers | capacity for only electrons (heme) |
| ferric | 3+ |
| ferrous | 2+ |
| why does the ETC use each complex rather than just jumping down? | specific binding |
| complex 4 and 1 are | conformational pumps |
| ubiquinone and complex III are | redox loops |
| why isn't 3 H+ enough per ATP? | 8-9 actual; UCP, cotransporters use energy |
| Cellular work ___ the ____ ratio | lowers the ATP/ADP ratio (metabolism is coupled) |
| Best sustained oxygen consumption (mitochondria experiment) | ADP, Pi, pyruvate, hexokinase, glucose |
| Phloem | sugar export |
| Xylem | H2O transport |
| ___% of O2 production occurs in the oceans | 50% |
| light reactions | occur in thylakoid membrane, NADPH and ATP formed |
| calvin cycle | occurs in stroma; CO2 fixed and reduced to sugars (NADPH and ATP consumed) |
| The ion in chlorophyll is | magnesium |
| Chlorophyll protein | LHC (I and II) |
| How many electrons per oxygen produced? | 4 |
| How many electrons can PQ pick up? | 2 |
| Photosystem I | light energy removes electron from P700 (ferredoxin), reduce NADP+, replenish electrons from plastocynanin |
| Strongest oxidant in nature | PS II |
| Strongest reductant in nature | P700 (ferredoxin) |
| Small trick of photosynthesis | reduce NADP with electrons from water + build pmf |
| Big trick of photosynthesis | split water without causing damage |
| Cyclic electron flow | no NADPH made, just ATP synthesis (bacteria do this) |
| Pmf chloroplasts | pH |
| Pmf mitochondria | voltage |
| Complex I/II are like | PS II |
| Ubiquinone is like | plastoquinone |
| Cyt B/C complex is like | cytochrome B/F complex |
| Cytochrome C is like | plastocyanin |
| CytC oxidase is like | PS I |
| Uncouplers + 2 examples | decreased ATP synthesis, increased electron transport, ammonia and dinitrophenol |
| Blockers + example | decreased ATP synthase and decreased electron transport, cyanide |
| Most abundant enzyme on the planet | RuBisCO |
| Per GAP produced, use | 3 CO2, 9ATP, 6NADPH |
| 2 major fates of GAP | conversion to glucose/starch in chloroplast; export for sucrose synthesis |
| why do chloroplastic genes exist? | debunk protein to protect PS II |
| how to prevent light damage (5) | light regulation, cyclic electron flow, feedback inhibition of PS II, repair of PS II, photorespiration |
| photorespiration | rubisco can react w/ O2 to form 2-P-glycolate (toxic) then convert to triose (costly) |
| photorespiration 3 organelles | chloroplast, peroxisome, mitochondria |
| special c4 anatomy | mesophyll don’t have RuBisCO, bundle sheet cells have RuBisCO but limited PSII (corn is like this) |
| glycolysis oxidation step | 6 |
| glycolysis substrate-level phosphorylation steps | 7 and 10 |
| complex III aka (2) | coenzyme Q, cytochrome C reductase |
| complex IV aka | cytochrome oxidase |
| How many net ATP are produced anaerobically per glucose? | 2 |
| How many net ATP are produced with the complete breakdown of one glucose under aerobic conditions in a eukaryote? | 36 |
| how many NADPH used per carbon atom? | 2 |
| how many ATP used per carbon atom? | 3 |
Created by:
melaniebeale
Popular Biology sets