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Unit 6 - Genetics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| trait | a characteristic that is passed from parent to offspring through the genes |
| allele | One or more alternate forms of a gene |
| amino acid | The subunit of a protein |
| anticodon | Three bases on a tRNA molecule that match up with the codons |
| biotechnology | the process of choosing a few organisms with desirable traits to serve as the parents of the next generation |
| chromosome | Compact structure of tightly coiled DNA within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next. |
| clone | an organism that is genetically identical to the organism from which it was produced |
| cloning | The creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another |
| codon | A unit in messenger RNA consisting of a set of three consecutive nucleotides that specifies a particular amino acid in protein synthesis |
| DNA | A nucleic acid molecule in the form double helix that is the major component of chromosomes and carries genetic information |
| dominant | A trait that will appear in the offspring if one of the parents contributes it |
| electrophoresis | A process in which fragments of DNA are sorted by size. Used to determine relatedness among organisms |
| expressed | a set of technologies that humans use to alter the genetic instructions of an organism by substituting DNA molecules |
| gene | a segment of DNA (on a chromosome) that contains the code for a specific trait |
| gene | Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait |
| genetic engineering | Process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms. |
| genetic recombination | the formation of a new combination of genes during sexual reproduction |
| genotype | Genetic make up of an organism; the genome |
| heredity | the passing of traits from parent to offspring |
| heterozygous | Refers to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait. |
| homozygous | Refers to an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait. |
| hybrid | The offspring produced by crossing two individuals with different traits |
| mutation | Change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information. Leads to genetic variation. |
| nucleotide | Building Block of a nucleic acid. Composed of a sugar, phosphate and a base |
| phenotype | Physical characteristics of an organism; the part of genetics that is seen |
| recessive | Describes an allele that is not expressed in heterozygous individuals. Must have two recessive alleles in order for the gene to be expressed |
| recombinant DNA | Molecule formed when fragments of DNA from two or more different organisms are spliced together. |
| replicate | to copy the pattern for a new molecule |
| RNA – Ribonucleic Acid | A nucleic acid composed of a long |
| sex-linked gene | Gene located on the X chromosome. Males tend to inherit sex-linked traits |
| sexual reproduction | a method of reproduction that involves two parents producing offspring that are genetically different from either parent |
| subunit | the section of a DNA molecule that contains a sugar |
| template | any alteration in the sequence of DNA |
| transcription | Process in which a portion of DNA (a gene) is copied into complementary RNA (mRNA) |
| translation | Decoding of mRNA into a polypeptide chain. Occurs at the ribosome |
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mrcadettescience
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