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Principles I Test 2
Vaporizers
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which volatile agent is known for rapid induction and awakening? | sevoflurane |
| Which volatile agent can react with CO2 absorbent and produce compound A? | sevoflurane |
| Which volatile agent has a low boiling point (22.8C/73F)? | desflurane |
| Because ________ has a low boiling point what is different about the vaporizer for this agent? | desflurane; it is heated, requires electricity, & uses different method than other vaporizers |
| Which volatile agent can cause tachycardia and be an irritant to the airway? | desflurane |
| Which volatile agent provides better hemodynamic stability than its precursor Halothane? | sevoflurane |
| Which volatile agent has such a rapid elimination that it results in fast awakening? | desflurane |
| Which volatile agent was once considered the "gold standard" of inhalation agents, especially for neurosurgery? | isoflurane |
| Which volatile agent can cause coronary artery steal syndrome? | isoflurane |
| Which volatile agent causes significant peripheral vasodilation & possibly hypotension? | isoflurane (greater effect than sevo & des) |
| Which volatile agent used to be the inhaled anesthetic of choice, but is rarely seen now? | halothane |
| Which agent sensitizes the myocardium to dysrhythmias? | halothane (especially in combination with catecholamines, epi, and local anesthetics |
| Which inhalational gas is NOT a volatile anesthetic? | nitrous oxide |
| This gas is used to supplement inhalation agents | nitrous oxide |
| This is the only inhalation agent with with sympathomymetic activity (small atropine like reaction) | nitrous oxide |
| This gas causes diffusion hypoxia | nitrous oxide |
| This gas easily diffuses into air filled spaces and is contraindicated in tympanoplasaties? | nitrous oxide |
| What is a vaporizer? | a device for converting a volatile anesthetic into a breathable vapor |
| Where are the vaporizers located on the anesthesia machine? | between the flow meters and the common gas outlet |
| Rank the 3 most commonly used volatile agents in terms of quickest awakening to slower awakening time. | Desflurane --> Sevoflurane --> Isoflurane |
| All current vaporizers are _______ specific | agent |
| Define vapor | gaseous molecules from a substance that is liquid at room temperature and at 1 atm (760 mmHg) |
| Different liquids vaporize at _________ rates | different |
| An increase in temperature means a(n) ____________ in vaporization | increase |
| An increase in vaporization means a(n) ___________ in the temperature of the liquid below | decrease |
| A decrease in temperature means a(n) ____________ in vaporization | decrease |
| Define vapor pressure | equilibrium pressure of a vapor above its liquid or solid in a closed container |
| When an equilibrium in vapor and liquid is met, the anesthetic is said to be at its _________________ at that specific temperature | saturated vapor pressure |
| Increased temperature means ______________ vapor pressure | increased |
| Vapor pressure is dependent only on which 2 factors? | the agent itself and the temperature (NOT atmospheric pressure) |
| Because vapor pressure is dependent on temperature, newer variable bypass vaporizers compensate for temperature changes with a ____________ | bimetallic rod |
| Define boiling point | the temperature at which vapor pressure = atmospheric pressure |
| Decreased atmospheric pressure (high altitude) = ___________ boiling point | decreased |
| Define latent heat of vaporization | calories needed to convert 1 gram of liquid to vapor without temperature change in the remaining liquid |
| Define specific heat | calories needed to increase the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius |
| Vaporizers are constructed with what kind of materials to minimize temperature changes associated with vaporization? | high specific heat materials |
| Define MAC | alveolar concentration that prevents movement in 50% of patients in response to surgical stimuli |
| What does MAC mirror? | partial pressure in the brain |
| What is MAC used for? | comparing agent potencies, experimental standard; it is a median value and it has limited usefulness due to patient variability |
| Are MAC values additive? | yes |
| What are the only situations in which you would see a copper kettle (Vernitrol) used? | military or on the mission field |
| What is the copper kettle's method of vaporization? | measured flow; meaning, the amount of gas going into the vaporizer determines how much agent is going to come out on the other side |
| What is the method of temperature compensation of a copper kettle vaporizer? | manual; the operator carries a chart which dictates how to change the flows to compensate for the temperature |
| Define splitting ratio | carrier gas/total gas |
| How many flowmeters does the operator control in a copper kettle system? | 2 |
| Why is copper the metal of choice for the Vernitrol vaporizer? | high specific heat & high thermal conductivity |
| What is the variable bypass vaporizer's method of vaporization? | flow over; vaporizer intrinsically controls how much of the fresh gas flow is directed into the vaporizing chamber based on % set by operator |
| What 2 structures within a variable bypass vaporizer ensure saturated vapor? | wicks and baffles |
| The bimetallic rod in variable bypass vaporizers directs _____ of the carrier gas into the chamber with cooler temperatures. | more |
| When the operator increases the % of volatile agent desired while using a variable bypass vaporizer, the vaporizer _________ the flow of gas coming into the vaporizing chamber to make this concentration possible. | increases |
| Why is it important to NOT tip over a variable bypass vaporizer? | do not want to alter the saturation of wicks & baffles; this could throw off internal calibration & result in giving pt more or less volatile agent than desired |
| Electronic Tec 6 vaporizers are used with which volatile agent only? | desflurane |
| What is the Tec 6 vaporizer's method of vaporization? | Gas/vapor blender; operator selects desired amount and vaporizer adds correct amount of vapor to fresh gas flow; gas does NOT enter vaporizer |
| In the Tec 6, what are the vapor output's 2 control points? | 1. setting the concentration on the dial; 2. sensor that detects fresh gas flow & accounts for this, blending proper amount of vapor for amount of gas flow |
| Can a Tec 6 vaporizer be refilled while it is still on, or does it have to be turned off? | yes; can be refilled while on |
| How does the Tec 6 compensate for temperature change? | it doesn't have to compensate because it has its own heat source (its electric) |
| Why was the Tec 6 designed with a heat source? | Desflurane's boiling point is so low that the vaporizer would freeze if heat were not put into the system |
| Although not FDA required, what are the colors associated with each volatile agent? | Sevoflurane = yellow; Isoflurane(Forane) = purple; Desflurane = blue |
| What is a safety mechanism of vaporizers that prevents filling a vaporizer with the wrong agent? | keyed fillers |
| Why is the filling port on vaporizers set low? | to prevent interference with inner workings of wicks and baffles |
| What is the interlock exclusion system designed to prevent? | more than one vaporizer being on; allows only one on at a time |
Created by:
Mary Beth
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