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Chapter 40
The Imune System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a pathogen? | Disease causing agents |
| What is the difference between a virus and a bacteria? | viruses need a host, bacteria lives on its own |
| Explain the steps that viruses take to replicate or reproduce. | viruses attach to the surface of the cell, insert their genetic material, Replicate within the host cell, Take over the functions |
| List many examples of diseases caused by a virus. | HIV, Avian Flu, the Flu, Colds, Herpes, HPV, Chicken Pox, Small Pox, Measles, Mumps, West Nile, Malaria, Rabies, Hantavirus, Lyme disease |
| What are two ways that bacteria make us sick. | Break down the tissues of the infected organism for food, Release toxins that harm the body |
| List many examples of disease caused by a bacteria. | Streptococcus, diphtheria, botulism, anthrax, gonorrhea, syphilis, Chlamydia |
| Name four ways that disease is spread. | From one person to another, contaminated water or food, infected animals, exchange of bodily fluids*** |
| What are antibiotics? | Compounds that kill bacteria without harming the cells of the human or animal hosts |
| How do antibiotics work? | interfering with the cellular processes of microorganisms |
| What is a vaccine ? | a preparation (oral or injection) intended to prevent a disease from occurring |
| How does a vaccine work? | Vaccines help body prepare in advance to fight illnesses and potentially deadly diseases.Vaccines give the body a preview of a bacterium,virus,or toxin,allowing it to learn how to defend itself in advance.If the body is invaded by that particul its ready |
| What is the function of the immune system? | to fight infection through the production of cells that inactivates foreign substances or cells. |
| What are the two major categories of defense the body has against disease caused by pathogens? | Non-specific defenses, Specific defenses |
| List 4-5 nonspecific defenses that the body has against disease caused by pathogens. | Skin:physical barrier,Mucus/Saliva/Tears:contains enzymes that break down the cell walls of many bacteria, Sweat Glands, Inflammation, Fever, Interferons |
| How does a fever help you fight disease caused by pathogens? | immune system releases chemicals that increase the core body temperatures that many pathogens cannot survive in |
| What is interferon ? | proteins produced by the body in response to a viral infection |
| How do interferons help you fight disease caused by pathogens? | helps block viral replication |
| How does sweat help you fight disease caused by pathogens? | creates an acidic environment to kill bacteria |
| How does inflammation help you fight disease caused by pathogens? | a response to tissue damage caused by injury or infection.[1. destroys and removes infectious agents. 2. limits the spread of infectious agents and their by-products. 3. repairs damaged tissue.] |
| What is the immune response? | a series of specific defenses that attack the particular disease-causing agent. |
| Distinguish between the two type of specific defenses that the body has against disease caused by pathogens. | Humoral Immunity: involves B cells, Cell-Mediated Immunity:involves T cells |
| In humoral immunity, what are antigens and what do they do? | substances that trigger the immune response |
| What is the function of the B-cells? | recognize the antigens as foreign and divide producing plasma B-cells and memory B-cells |
| What are antibodies and what do they do? | proteins that bind to antigens to destroy the pathogen |
| Describe the relationship between antigens and antibodies. | must fit like a “lock and key”. They have a complementary shape. |
| Why is HIV such a deadly virus? (Use information about the immune system) | it stops the T-cell from leading the immune system from protecting the body***** |
| What is the functions of the helper T-cell? | Helper T cells do not directly kill infected cells, as cytotoxic T cells do. Instead they BIND to things to help activate cytotoxic T cells and macrophages to attack infected cells, or they stimulate B cells to secrete antibodies. |
| What is the function of the killer T-cell? | disrupts the cell membranes of infected cells and destroys them |
| What is the function of the memory T-cell? | remain in body for another encounter. |
| What is the function of the suppressor T-cell? | shut down the killer T cells once the pathogen is brought under control |
| What causes organ rejection in organ transplants? | The killer T cells make it difficult for organ transplants because they often attack the tissue as being foreign and cause organ rejection from the recipient |
| Distinguish between the primary and secondary immune responses. | Primary: first time the pathogen enters the body: Slow response, Usually see symptoms. Secondary: second time the exact same pathogen enters the body: Faster response, Usually don’t get symptoms |
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