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Ichthyology Midterm
gregg p.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how old is the earth? | ~4.5 billion years |
| how long ago did life evolve? | ~3.5 billion years |
| how long ago did eukaryotes evolve? | ~1.5 to 2 billion years |
| how long ago did fishes (verts) evolve? | ~530 million years |
| what are the earliest extinct verts? | chinese fossils from Cambrian, Conodonts, Ostracoderms, Placoderms, Chondicthyes, Acanthodii, Osteichthyes, Sarcopterygii, Actinopterygi |
| describe conodonts | mostly known for teeth, sister group of jawed fishes (gnathostomes) |
| describe the early chinese fossils from Cambrian | distinct head, probable notochord, myomeres, finfolds |
| describe Ostracoderms | major jawless vertebrate radiation, distinct evolutionary line, bony armor, cartilaginous skeleton, heterocercal tail |
| characteristics of Ostracoderms (Pteraspidimorphi) | "wing shield forms", double nostril group |
| characteristics of Ostracoderms (Cephalaspidimorphi) | "head shield forms", single nostril group |
| examples for Agnatha | Myxinidae (hagfish), Petromyzontidae (lampreys); (oral disks) |
| what are Agnatha's | extant, jawless fishes, eel-like, no paired fins |
| what is important for diversification? | evolution of jaw suspension among vertebrates |
| what did the second gill arch that was incorporated help with? | strength, mobility, gape |
| example of the remnants of the second gill arch? | spiracles; in sharks and rays (respiration) |
| what did the earliest jaws derive from? | the first gill arch (autostyly; = larger and better food could be exploited) |
| in ostracoderms, what were the gills most likely used for? | feeding and respiration |
| what separates feeding and respiration processes | jaw evolution |
| describe Placoderms | first major radiation of jawed fishes, very diverse, mostly bottom dwellers, paired fins, dorsoventrally compressed body |
| what appeared in the fossil record when we would expect to see ancestors of modern fishes? | placoderms |
| describe Chondricthyes | include elasmobranchs (sharks/rays) and holocephalans (chimaeras), poor fossil record, cartilaginous skeleton, teeth not fused to jaw, unsegmented fin rays (ceratotrichia), spiral valve intestine, claspers on pelvic fins of males for internal fert. |
| what do you call unsegmented fin rays | ceratotrichia |
| what are the ancestors of Chondrichthyes | Cladoselache (marine), Exanocanthus (freshwater), and hybodont sharks |
| what are the extant chondrichthyan characteristics | simple cranium, upper jaw NOT fused to cranium, conveyer belt-like teeth, 4-7 gill openings (usually 5), vertebral column (notochord & vertebrae), pectoral and pelvic fins, males with modified anal fins (claspers), placoid scales (dermal denticles) |
| what are the modified anal fins in chondrichthyans called | claspers |
| what are the extant chondrichthyan adaptations | buoyancy, respiration, external covering, feeding, movement, sensory system, osmoregulation |
| describe the sensory system in hammerheads | mobility, increased flexibility, widely spaced sensory organs, ampullae used like metal detector, not more sensitive but more area, navigational uses |
| what is "k-selected" in chondrichthyan reproduction | small numbers of large young; long-loved; late ages at maturity |
| describe reproduction in Chondrichthyans | "k-selected", oviparity |
| talk about oviparity in chondrichthyan reproduction | all skates and chimaeras, some sharks (cat sharks); egg laying |
| talk about viviparity in chondrichtyan reproduction | "live bearing", many forms; aplacental (ovoviviparity), uterine, cannibal, placental, 57% of chondrichthyans, evolutionary advantades (protection and delivery of brood in nursey areas) |
| describe Acanthodii | "spiny sharks", specialized forms, commonly studied in vert. evolution, cited in "fin-fold theory" of the origin of paired fins and limbs |
| describe Osteichthyes | "bony fishes", characterized by the presence of lungs, bone, bony scales, and soft fin rays (lepidotrichia) --> modern fishes |
| describe Sarcopterygii | "lobe-finned fishes", modern forms specialized, sister group to tetrapods (including humans) (ex: coelacanth, lungfish) --> modern fishes |
| what are close relatives of tetrapods | lobe-finned fishes (living and fossil) |
| in Coelacanths, coel = ? | "hollow" |
| in Coelacanths, acanth = ? | "spine" |
| how can you compare lobe-finned and ray-finned fishes? | radius and ulna placement in pectoral fins |
| describe Dipnoi (lungfishes) | 3 families on 3 continents; eel-like bodies, paired gills and lungs, lungs to supplement gills when stressed |
| describe Actinopterygii | "ray-finned fishes"; contains most of the bony fish species that exist today |
| what are the evolutionary changes in Actinopterygii produced in the diverse forms that we see today | scales, fins, swimbladder, jaws, tail |
| describe Polypteriformes (birchirs) | resemble lobe-finned fishes, maxillary (upper jaw) fused to skull, spiracles, heavy ganoid scales, spiral valve intestine, paired lungs (normally use gills), heterocercal tail |
| what does Diadromy mean? | migrating between 2 environments as part of life cycle |
| in Diadromy, describe Catadromy | adults live in freshwater, spawn in marine waters (American eel) |
| in Diadromy, describe Anadromy | adults live in marine waters, spawn in freshwaters (salmon, some lampreys, some trout) |
| what are the exceptions and variations to Diadromy | Ontogenetic habitat changes mediated by hormones, some sawfish live in marine waters as adults and give birth in estuaries, Diadromous species can give rise to non-migratory fomes |
| why are sturgeon and paddlefish close to extinction? | human made dams |
| what is distinct about Semionotiformes (gars) | non-overlapping ganoid scales, snout with sharp teeth, unique opisthocoelous vertebrae, dorsal and anal fins near tail, large vascularized vertebrae |
| what is distinct about Amiiformes (bowfin) | "mud fish", cycloid scales,amphicoelous vertebrae, large swimbladder used as lung, adults are piscivorous, males build nest to guard embryos and young |
| in Actinopterygii, describe Teleostei | main line of fish evolution, 24000 species, successful because of adaptations, unique respiration, feeding, buoyancy, swimming styles, reproduction, homocercal tails |
| what does teleostei mean | "end bone" |
| in Elopomorpha (eels and tarpons) what unites this group? | Leptocephalus larva |
| what are important food fishes for upper trophic levels and a popular bait fish in Florida | Clupeomorpha (herrings) |
| what are Unculi in Ostariohysi | small unicellular projections for scraping or clinging |
| what is Weberian apparatus | chain of bones that connects the swimbladder to the inner ear; modified portions for the first 4-5 vertrebrae |
| describe Salmondoidei (Salmonidae) | 70 species, support major sport and commercial fisheries, aqua cultured (hatcheries), nonanadromous forms evolve when populations become trapped above new barriers, physiologically adapted for geologically and climatically unstable areas |
| what are termed "new teleosts" | Neoteostei (complec teleost systematics) |
| how are Cyclosquamata's united? | unique structure of the gill arches |
| what is unique about Lophiiformes (anglarfishes)? | illicium (fishing pole) and esca (lure) |
| where are the illicium and esca in anglar fishes derived from | first ray of spinous dorsal fin |
| what is the most diverse group of fishes (~13,500 spp) | Acanthopterygii |
| what are some of the uniting characteristics of Acanthopterygii | mouth, pharyngeal jaws, paired fins (increased efficiency of feeding and movement) |
| what do Percomorphas have specializations for | predator avoidance (fin spines increase the effective diameter of body), feeding (hovering, retinal cone patterns), social behavior (esp. reproduction) (territoriality) |
| define Elasmobranch | any of a class of fishes with skeletons of cartilage and with platelike girlls |
| in Elasmobranch, elasmos = ? | "metal plate" |
| in Elasmobranach, branchia = ? | "gill" |
| what are some examples of Elasmobranch? | sharks, rays, skates, chimeras |
| in sampling methods, what are some of the things that we need to consider? | time spent collecting data, many techniques, reasons to collect data, efficiency, goals of research should be defined apriori, results must be analyzed and synthesized, results presented, consider details based on audience, publish research |
| what are the methods of sampling | identify a need and define a goal, choose objectives, devise strategies (gear selection), consider logistics, timetable, costs |
| what are the passive capture techniques | entanglement and entrapment |
| examples of entaglement | gills nets, trammel nets |
| examples of entrapment | hoop nets, fyke nets, various traps |
| what are the active capture techniques | sieving the water, mesh panes of bag (seines, trawls, dredges), modern techniques for commercial fisheries and scientific sampling, quantify # fish per sampled volume of area, electrofishing |
| what are some other sampling techniques | toxicants, hydroacoustics, underwater video |
| what are the primary concerns for fishes | buoyancy and temperature |
| in buoyancy and thermal regulation, what are morphologically similar | gas-secreting structure of swimbladders (derived teleosts) and structure of head-exhcnage organs (large, active oceanic fish) |
| what do both buoyancy and thermal regulation involve | exchanges of gas or head across blood-vessel walls in a countercurrent manner* |
| what are the strategies of buoyancy | low density compounds, lift generating surfaces, reduction of heavy tissues, swimbladders (gas bladder) |
| what is the major contributor to teleost diversity | swimbladders (gas bladders) |
| describe the swimbladder | allow precise control of buoyancy, volume of gas regulated with relative ease |
| what are the 2 major types of swimbladders | Physostomus and Physoclistous |
| describe Physostomus | pneumatic duct (gut connection), ancestral, surface dwelling species, must gulp air and force it into swimbladder |
| describe Physoclistous | no gut connection, derived species, allows new niches, "closed" swimbladder |
| in a physoclistous swimbladder, what is the resorptive area (oval gland) used for? | deflation |
| in a physoclistous swimbladder, what is the rete mirabile and gas gland used for ? | inflation |
| who was the first to make a book about fish called "fishes of greece" | Aristotle |
| who was the first to consistently apply binomial nonmenclature? | Carl Linnaeus |
| who was the father of ichthyology | Peter Artedi |
| who used homology of structure to create natural lineages? | Georges Cuvier |
Created by:
KAzetapi
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