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Micro Growth Control
Microbiology: Microbial Growth Control
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sterilization | Complete killing of all organisms, including viruses. |
| Decimal reduction time | Time required for 10 fold reduction in population density, at a given temperature. |
| Thermal death time | Time at which all cells are killed at a given temperature. Organisms can have different heat sensitivity. |
| Autoclave | Sterilizes using heat and pressure for a certain amount of time. |
| Classic Pastuerization | Heat in bulk |
| Flash pastuerization | Pass milk through heat exchanger at a high temperature and cool it quickly. |
| What is nonionizing radiation and what does it affect? | UV radiation causes dimers in DNA. |
| What is the downside of UV radiation? | Cannot penetrate plastic or glass |
| What is ionizing radiation and what does it do to a cell? | X-rays, cosmic rays and gamma radiation, all make free radicals (hydroxyl groups) that react with other chemicals in cell (nucleic acids). |
| D10 or decimal reduction dose | Dose of radiation that decreases cell number 10 fold |
| Filter sterilization | For things that cannot be heated using membrane filters |
| What is the antimicrobial growth control agent that inhibits the growth of bacteria by reversible binding? | Bacteriostatic agents (when concentration lowers inhibition ceases) |
| What antimicrobial growth control agent binds tightly to target, is not removed by dilution, kills the cell but without lysing it? | Bacteriocidal |
| What antimicrobial growth control agent kills by lysing? | Bacteriolytic |
| Sterilants | Destroy all microbial life including spores |
| Disinfectant | Destroy all microorganisms but are too toxic for anything animate |
| Antiseptics and germicides | Kill (or inhibit) bacteria and are safe to be used on living tissue |
| Sanitizers | Reduce microbial numbers to a safe level. Food contact and non-food contact sanitizers |
| Chemotherapeutic agents | Chemical antimicrobial agents for internal use; synthetic and naturally occurring drugs |
| Synthetic antimicrobial drugs | Example: Growth factor analogs (interfere with metabolic process) |
| Naturally occurring antimicrobial drugs | Antibiotics. Chemicals produced by microorganisms that are toxic to other organisms. |
| First antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agent for syphilis | Salvarsan |
| Synthetic antimicrobial: Growth factors | Looks like growth factor but inhibits growth by interfering with normal metabolism. |
| Sulfa drugs | Block synthesis of folic acid (nucleic acid precursor). Bacteriostatic. |
| Isoniazid | Inhibits synthesis of mycolic acid. Treatment of TB. |
| Amino acid analogs or nucleic acid analogs | Treatment of viral, fungal and some cancer |
| Quinolones | Inhibit DNA gyrase and prevent supercoiling |
| Antibiotic grouped by | Target (transcription or translation) and chemical structure |
| Beta Lactams | Form of Penicillin, from P chrysogenium, first was penicillum G |
| Penicillum G | Only affected against G (+) because it cannot enter G (-) |
| What are the few places we get antibiotics? | Fungi (Penicillium), Actinomycetes (Steptomyces), and eubacteria (Bacillus) |
| Cephalosporin | From Cephalosporin (fungus) and is like Beta Lactam but more resistant to B-lactamases |
| Aminoglycosides | Antibiotics that contains amino sugars attached by glycosidic bonds. Mostly for G- but one is affected against G+ |
| Types of Aminoglycosides | Streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamycin, and neomycin. |
| Tetracyclins | Broad spectrum that inhibits protein synthesis. Made by Streptomyces rimosus. |
| MIC | Minimal inhibitory concentration calculated by dilution. Dilutions are halved everytime you transfer to next tube. |
| Disk diffusion assay | Antibiotic disks are used on inoculated plate and are observed. The bigger the diameter of zone the more affective the anti biotic is. |
| Antiviral Agents | Must target virus-specific enzymes/processes. Reverse transriptase, Protease, and surface receptors. |
| What antiviral agent that targets DNA copy synthesis by using chain terminators? | Nucleoside analogs (like ddNTPs) |
| What antiviral agent that targets DNA copy synthesis by binding directly to reverse transcriptase? | Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. |
| How does the Protease antiviral agent work? | Inhibits HIV protease, which processes the HIV polypeptides |
| How does the Surface receptor antiviral agents work? | Prevent fusion of the virus with the target cell |
| What are the proteins and peptides that are produced by the cells of the immune system and have the ability to inhibit viral replication? | Interferons (cytokines) |
| How can we target fungal? (hint: how are they different?) | We have to target the membrane (ergosterol), cell wall synthesis (chitin), or Ergosterol synthesis (again ergosterol). |
| How can organisms be resistant to an antibiotic? | Reduced permeability, efflux, bypass pathways, target site modification and enzymatic inactivation. |
| Explain reduced permeability | The cell wall prevents entry or no transporter |
| Explain efflux | Antibiotic is pumped out of cell by transport protein |
| Explain bypass of pathways | Instead of making folic acid, it takes it up from its surroundings |
| Explain enzymatic inactivation | Enzymes inactivate antibiotic |
| What causes pneumonia and meningitis and about 30% are penicillin resistant? | Streptococcus pneumoniae |
| What does MDR-TB stand for? | Multiple drug resistant tuberculosis |
| Malaria can be resistant to | chloroquine |
| What are the diarrheal diseases? | S. dysenteriae, Campylobacter, V. cholerae, E. Coli, and Salmonella. |
| Nosocomial infections | Hospital-acquired infections, some are fungals; candidiasis and P. pneumoniae |
| How can we solve these problems with drug resistance? | -Use only when necessary -Use in combinations -Use appropriate doses -Continue until infection is completely gone |
Created by:
Moessymoe
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