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Microbial Genetics
Microbiology: Microbial Genetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What type of genetic mutation is the deletion of one or more base pairs? | Microdeletions |
| What type of genetic mutation is the insertion of one or more base pairs? | Microinsertions |
| What is the mutation that restores the wild-type phenotype? | Reversion |
| When the original nucleotide is replaced what has occurred? | True reversion |
| What is it called when the phenotype is restored by a frameshift in the gene? | Intragenic |
| What is it called when the frameshift occurs outside of the gene but restores its complex? | Intergenic |
| What is it called when a part of the genome acquires more mutations because polymerase error (wrong nucleotide)? | Mutation hot spots |
| Why do viral RNA mutations occur more than DNA? | No repair functions |
| An organism that is less likely to have mutation due to better DNA replication is called? | Hyperaccurate |
| When an organism can mutate at a higher rate due to stress and survive a particular condition. | Adaptive mutation. |
| Chemicals that cause mutations. | Chemical mutagens. |
| What chemical mutagen can be incorporated as a base and causes problems in replication? | Base Analog. This will not be copied correctly in replication and causes wrong complementary base pair to be added. |
| A chemical that that causes modifications of base pairs, resulting in faulty base pairing. | Chemical modifiers. |
| What are examples of chemical modifiers? | Alkylating agents and intercalating agents |
| Electromagnetic radiation is an example of | Nonionizing radiation |
| What happens when DNA and RNA absorb UV light? | UV light causes pyrimidine bases to covalently bond and become dimers. |
| What are examples of ionizing radiation? | X-rays, cosmic rays, and gamma radiation |
| What happens when ionizing radiation is absorbed? | Free radicals (hydroxyl group) are formed and react with chemicals, i.e. nucleic acids. |
| A repair system in bacteria for damaged DNA. | SOS DNA repair system |
| What is another name for SOS DNA repair system and why? | Error-prone repair because there is a 1/4 chance correct base will replace damaged. |
| What are transposons? | DNA able to move around chromosome causing disruptions. |
| What does the Ames test screen for? | Cancer causing agents. This is done by using bacteria that are auxotrophs and cannot repair DNA. |
| What is a hidden mutagen? | A compound that needs to be processed to be mutagenic. |
| What are the three main types of genetic exchange in bacteria? | Transformation, transduction and conjugation. |
| When DNA is taken up from medium and becomes integrated into genome. | Transformation |
| When bacterial DNA is encapsidated (viral) and injected into another bacterial host. | Transduction |
| DNA transfer through bacterial sex | Conjugation. |
| Competent cells have what to allow DNA in? | DNA receptors |
| In naturally occurring competent cells only ____ is taken up but in chemically competent cells take in _____. | ssDNA, dsDNA |
| When a virulent (lytic) phage packages host gene. | Generalized transduction |
| Specialized transduction | Lysogenic or temperate virus takes adjacent host genes. |
| Phage conversion | Extra phage genes expressed and bacteria becomes lysogenic. C diptheria and Phage beta. |
| Genetic elements that replicate independently of host chromosome | Plasmids |
| The number of plasmids per cell | Copy number |
| Gram negative plasmids replicate ___ and gram positive plasmids replicate ____. | theta (bidirectional), rolling circle |
| Two different plasmids that replicate using same mechanism will not last long because | incompatible |
| When the daughter cell does not receive a copy of the plasmid, it is said to be | Cured |
| Conjugative plasmids are able to be ___ because they carry the tra gene. And are called specifically ___. | Transferred, F plasmids |
| What is Hfr | High rated of genetic recombination, done by F plasmid. |
| Episomes | Plasmids that can integrate into the chromosome. When inserted it is still conjugative and will carry entire chromosome because replication starts in the middle of the F episome. Can be disrupted by stress and only carries close genes. |
| A type of plasmid that makes a host resistant to antibiotics is called | R plasmid |
| Virulence plasmids | Responsible for virulence (disease causing) abilities of the bacteria carrying them |
| What are Bacteriosins | A plasmid that can make compounds that kill other bacteria for competition of nutrients. |
| Recombination | Plasmid incorporated into host chromosome |
| If the plasmid cannot replicate separate of the host chromosome and is not involved in recombination, what happens to it? | Digested with host nucleases |
| Generalized recombination | Recombining DNA molecules of recipient and donor. Many Rec proteins are involved. |
| Site-specific recombination | Recombination of donor and recipient needs a homologous sequence and enzyme to integrate. |
| Complementation test is performed to | isolate mutants of different genes |
| How are transposons able to hop around in the DNA? | Inverted repeats at both ends. The transposition is helped by enzyme transposase. |
| Nonreplicative transposition | Transposon is cut out and put else where in the DNA |
| Replicative transposition | Transposon copies itself and goes else where. You have two copies now. |
Created by:
Moessymoe
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