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Mrs C's final A&P
Mrs C's Final A&P Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The anterior side of the body is subdivided into which cavities? | Thoracic and Abdominopelvic |
| Which blood cells have no nucleus? | Red Blood Cells |
| The greater and lesser trochanters are located at which end of the femur? | Proximal |
| The lower lobes of the lungs are called what? | Bases |
| The radius is attached to the hand at which end? | At its distal end. |
| Which is the long bone in the upper arm? | Humerus |
| The humerus joins the elbow at which end? | The distal |
| The abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into how many quadrants? | 4 |
| What position is it when the palms are turned up (like holding a bowl of soup)? | Supination |
| What is cellular drinking? | Pinocytosis |
| In cephalocaudal or head to toe order, name the vertebral sections of the spine. | Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, Coccyx |
| What is the cellular structure considered the "brain" of the cell and where most of the DNA is stored? | Nucleus |
| What is the powerhouse of the cell? | The mitochondria |
| What is the energy transfer molecule? | ATP or adenosine triphosphate |
| What is described as a semi-permeable lipid bilayer? | The cell membrane |
| What is abnormal development of tissue? | Dysplasia |
| Of the 4 major tissue types in the body, which is the most abundant? | Connective |
| Which law states that the greater the ability of the fiber to stretch, the greater the force of constriction? | Starling's Law |
| What is phagocytosis? | Cellular eating |
| Respiratory Alkalosis is caused by what? | Hyperventilating |
| What is it called when a cell or cellular structure "expels" something to the outside of the membrane? | Exocytosis |
| Which organelle expels protein to the outside of the cell membrane? | The Golgi Apparatus |
| What are the sites of protein synthesis? | The robosomes |
| Systolic phase of BP occurs during what? | Ventricular contraction |
| Where are the robosomes found? | On the rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| What is a solution called that cause no movement of substance across the cell membrane? | Isotonic |
| What is the NaCl percentage in normal saline which is considered isotonic? | 0.9% |
| What is the element or compound that carries an electrical charge? | The ion |
| A cation is a positively or negatively charged ion? | Positively |
| If the ion is negatively charged it a what? | It is an anion |
| What are molecular compounds which break apart into their positive and negative parts in water? | Electrolytes |
| Which compound is a waste product of cellular metabolism that must be eliminated by the body? | Carbon dioxide (CO2) |
| The more hydrogen cations present in a compound makes it more what? | More acidic |
| What are the 3 mechanism (in order of importance) that work to maintain acid-base balance in the body? | BLK: blood buffers, lungs and kidneys |
| What is pinocytosis? | Cellular drinking |
| What type of tissue are skeletal, smooth and cardiac? | Muscle |
| Which membranes line cavities that are open to the outside of the body? | The Mucous membranes |
| Water moves acrossed membranes by a passive called what? | Osmosis |
| The Pleura, Peritoneum and Pericardium are what types of membrane? | Serous membranes |
| The Peritoneum functions mainly to do what? | To anchor the organs of digestion |
| Adductors are muscle groups that allow movement towards or away from the midline? | Towards the midline |
| What make up the integumentary system? | The skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands and sweat glands |
| Patients who are hypoventilating may decline into a state of respiratory what? | Respiratory Acidosis |
| Robosomes are sites for what? | Protein Synthesis |
| Vocal cords produce sound on inhalation or exhalation? | Exhalation |
| When the right ventricle contracts, deoxygenated blood goes through the pulomonary semilunar valve to the lungs to dump C02 and pick up 02. This is a description of what? | Pulmonary Circulation |
| What are the two types of vocal cords? | The true and false vocal cords |
| That is name of the functional cell of the CNS? | The neuron |
| When volume changes, pressure changes and when volume increases, pressure decreases are related to which law of ventilation? | Boyles Law |
| What does PTH (parathyroid hormone) do? | Increases serum calcium levels |
| Which system and its hormones helps regulate metabolic processes, fluid and electrolyte balance, play an important role in growth and development and meets the demands of stress and trauma? | The Endocrine System |
| What does the Endocrine System do? | It helps regulate metabolic processes, fluid & electrolyte balance, plays an important role in growth & development and meets the demands of stress and trauma. |
| Which is the only hormone that lowers blood sugar? | Insulin |
| Which organ secretes insulin? | The pancreas |
| Which compound is the waste product of all cellular metabolism? | Carbon dioxide (CO2) |
| What is the nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys? | Urea |
| What is the chief extracellular cation? | Sodium (Na+) |
| What is the chief extracellular anion? | Cloride (Cl-) |
| Which hormone stimulates Na+ (Sodium) reabsorption? | Aldosterone |
| Which hormone stimulates resbsorption of water? | ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) |
| Most exchange of gases occur across which structure? | Alveoli |
| Which organs lead from the kidneys to the bladder? | The ureters |
| What occurs mainly in the red bone marrow of the long bones? | Hematopoiesis (the process of blood cell production) |
| Which lung has 3 lobes? | The right lung |
| When cell membrane integrity is impaired, fluids leak from the intracellular space into the interstitial spaces. This leads to to swelling referred to as what? | Edema |
| The lungs are separated by what space? | The mediastinal space |
| On the pH scale, gastric (HCl) acid is closest to which number on the pH scale, zero or 14? | Zero |
| What is the normal pH range of human blood? | 7.35 and 7.45 |
| The normal pH of human blood makes it slightly alkaline or slightly acid? | Slightly alkaline |
| Which is the chief muscle of breathing? | The Diaphragm |
| The rectus abdominum, traverse abdominus, internal and external obliques are grouped on what side of the abdominopelvic cavity? | The anterior |
| Which cranial nerve is associated with the sense of smell? | Cranial Nerve #1 or C1 |
| Cranial Nerve X (10) is also known as which nerve? | The Vagus Nerve |
| The frontal, occipital, parietal and temporal bones are parts of what? | The skull or cranium |
| The cecum, sigmoid and rectum are parts of what? | The Large intestine |
| In which part of the small intestine does most digestion and absorption takes place? | In the duodenum |
| The cecum, appendix, and ascending colon are located longitudinally along which side of the abdominopelvic cavity? | The right side |
| In what part of the body is the food that we eat altered until it forms chyme? | In the stomach |
| Once the food we eat is formed into chyme, it is released in small amounts into which part of the small intestine? | The duodenum |
| What is the name of the tube that carries food from the pharynx to the stomach? | The esophagus |
| What does the liver synthesize and the gallbladder secrete to aid in the breakdown of fat? | Bile |
| Which cells of the pancreas produce insulin? | The beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans |
| Which is the only hormone that lowers blood sugar? | Insulin |
| What do the alpha cells of the ilet of Langerhans produce? | Glucagon |
| What does Glucagon do? | It increaes blood sugar |
| What are the convolutions or wrinkles of the cerebrum called? | Gyri |
| What are the wrinkles in the stomach and urinary bladder called? | Rugae |
| What is that last segment of the small intestine called? | Ilium |
| What is the first part of the large intestine called? | Cecum |
| The part where the ilium is attached to the cecum is called the what? | The ileocecal valve |
| In which quadrant are the ilium and cecum located? | Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) |
| Jaundice is caused by what being deposited in the skin? | Bilirubin |
| What is the bluish discoloration of the skin due to decreased oxygen? | Cyanosis |
| Which part of the integumentary system is called the "true skin"? | The dermis |
| Asthma is caused by smooth muscle spasms of the what? | The Bronchi |
| What are the 3 respiratory disorders classified as COPD? | Asthma, Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema |
| What are the 3 steps of respiration? | Ventilation, Gas Exchange and Transport of Waste |
| Epinephrine is the same as what? | Adrenaline |
| Epinephrine is produced in response to stimulation of which division of the autonomic nervous system? | The Sympathetic Division |
| What affect does a sympathetic nervous system response have on the Bronchi? | The bronchi dilate |
| Arteries carry blood towards or away from the heart? | Away from the heart |
| What affect does a sympathetic nervous system response have on the intestines? | Inhibits motility or they stop |
| What affect does a sympathetic nervous system response have on the heart rate? | Increases rate and strenght of contraction |
| What affect does a sympathetic nervous system response have on the blood vessels? | They constrict or Hypertension (HTN) |
| The Larynx is located in the Upper or Lower Respiratory? | Upper |
| The Pharynx is located in the Upper or Lower Respiratory? | Upper |
| NACl mixed with H20 dissociates into separate particles, Na+ and Cl-. This process is called what? | Ionization |
| The bronchioles are located in the Upper or Lower Respiratory? | Lower |
| Which is the master gland of the endocrine system? | The Pituatary Gland |
| What are the 4 major tissue types? | Connective, Epithelial, nervous and muscle |
| What are the 2 types of membranes? | Mucous and serous |
| What are the sections of the small intestine? | The DJI or Duodenum, jejunum and ilium |
| What are the sections of the large intestine and in order? | Cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, rectum and anus |
| The ascending is on the right or left side of the abdominopelvic cavity? | Right |
| The descending is on the right or left side of the abdominopelvic cavity? | Left |
| Which element classifies matter as organic or living? | Carbon (C) |
| What are the tubes called that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder? | Ureters |
| The vital center of the brain is the waht? | The medulla Oblongata |
| The medulla oblongata is more sensitive to changes in levels of which 2 elements than to oxygen? | Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Hydrogen (H+) |
| Narcotics depress the medulla oblongata which then depress what? | Ventilation or the respiratory system |
| What happens when your diaphragm is triggered by the phrenic nerve? | You inhale |
| The availability of which type of cation determines acidity? | Hydrogen |
| What is the universal solvent and is essential to life but is not technically organic? | Water |
| Which cell are processed and matured in the Thymus gland? | T cells |
| Which type of T cell is severely impaired in HIV infestion? | The Helper T Cell |
| What mineral does the thyroid need to produce T3 and T4 hormones? | Iodine |
| What is produced by the pituitary gland and targets the thyroid? | TSH |
| If a patient taking synthetic thyroid hormone has an elevated plasma TSH, do they need to increase or decrease their medicine? | Increase |
| Flushing and sweating serves to do what to the body temperature? | Lower the body temperature |
| Arteries (with one exception) carry what type of blood towards or away from the heart? | Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart |
| The alveoli are to the lungs as the what are to the kidneys? | Nephrons |
| Which type of cell in the CNS is capable of conducting an impulse? | The neuron |
| Anatomy is the study of what? | Structure |
| Physiology is the study of what? | Function |
| The Nephrons are to the kidneys as the what are to the lungs? | Alveoli |
| The long bone in the thigh contains the greater and lesser trochanters at which end? | The proximal end |
| The renin/angiotensin actions or the urinary system function to do what to blood pressure? | To maintain blood pressure |
| Which bone is also known as the "shin" | The Tibia |
| The shin bone is located on which side of the lower leg? | The anterior side |
| What are the separate bones that make up the spine called? | Vertebrae |
| Pronation of the hands is palms up or down? | Palms down |
| What is the name of the chemically altered 'pea soup' substance raw food is reduced to by the stomach? | Chyme |
| What is the passive process called where gqases are exchanged across the alveoli? | Diffusion |
| Diastole occurs during what? | Ventricular relaxation |
| What percentage of a human's total weight is water? | 50-60% |
| What is the normal pH of human blood? | 7.35 to 7.45 |
| What is the name of the muscle that caps the shoulder? | Deltoid |
| What is the name of the muscle on the dorsal aspect of the upper arm that has three heads? | Triceps |
| The kidneys are located in which region? | The retroperitoneal region or the parietal peritoneum |
| The kidneys are attached to the membrane by what type of tissue? | Adipose tissue |
| What are the endocrine glands sitting on top of the kidneys called? | The adrenal glands |
| What other name are the adrenal glands called and why? | Suprarenal because of their position above (supra) the kidneys (renal) |
| What is the distal tip of the heart called? | The apex |
| The tip of the superior lobes of the lungs are called what? | Apices |
| Unoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from where? | The Vena Cava |
| Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia and hyperglycemia are symptoms of what? | Diabetes Mellitus |
| The posterior side of the body is subdivided into which cavities? | The Cranial and Spinal |
| The greater and lesser trochanters are located a the proximal end of which bone? | Femur |
| What is cellular eating? | Phagocytosis |
| Which cavity can be divided into 9 regions? | The abdominopelvic cavity |
| What position is it when the palms are turned down? | Pronation |
| Because the renin/agniotensin actions of the urinary system function to maintain BP they are considered what? | Vasopressors |
| Mucous membranes line cavities that are open to what? | To the outside of the body |
| Which reflex is controlled by sensors in the carotid and aortic arches and works to make adjustments to BP with postural changes? | The Baroreceptor |
| What is asystole? | No heartbeat |
| Oxygenated blood returns to the heart through which veins into the left atria? | Pulmonary Veins |
| Oxygenated blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins into the left atria, thru the mitral valve into the left ventricle through the aortic semilunar valve to the aorta and out to the body. What does this describe? | Systemic Circulation |
| Vocal cords produce sound when vibration of the what occurs? | Vibration of the glottis (true vocal cord) |
| Veins have one-way what? | One-way valves |
| Veins promote the direction of blood flow towards or away from the heart? | Towards the heart |
| What affect does a sympathetic nervous system response have on the pupils? | The pupils dilate |
| What type of action aids the arteries in carrying blood away from the heart? | Smooth muscle Action |
| What type of muscle contraction aids the arteries in carrying blood away from the heart? | Skeletal muscle Contraction |
| Shivering does what to the body temperature? | Raises body temperature |
| Veins (with one exception)carry what away from or towards the heart? | Veins carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart |
| What is the thickness of capillaries which form bridges between veins and arteries? | One epithelial cell thick |
| Oxygenated blood is supplied to the myocardial tissue by what? | By coronary arteries |
| What is the breakdown of epithelial tisue which can extend into the dermis and subcutaneous layers and in layman's terms is called a 'bed sore'? | Decubitus Ulcer |
| Detoxification of toxins and drugs is performed mainly by which organ? | The Liver |
| Where is the Liver located and in which cavity? | In the RUQ of the abdominalpelvic cavity |
| Where is the brain located and in which cavity | On the Dorsal side of the cranial cavity |
| Anterior equals what equals Front? | Ventral |
| Poterior equals what equals Back? | Dorsal |
| What is the body's repone to invasion of pathogens or foreign body and symptoms are redness, pain, edema or heat? | Inflammation |
| What is anything that occupies space and has weight? | Matter |
| What is the smallest unit of an element, that still retains the propertie of that element? | Atom |
| H20 is a molecule, compound or both? | Both |
| NACl mixed with H20 dissociates into separate particles, Na+ and Cl-, this means sodium chloride is a what? | An electrolyte |
| The Bronichi are located in the Upper or Lower Respiratory? | Lower |
| How many lobes does the left lung have? | 2 |
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