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Chapter 8 Vocab
The vocabulary from Chapter 8
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Uniformitarianism- | the principle that processes that occurred in Earth’s past can be explained by current geological processes |
| Relative Age- | the age of an object in relation to the ages of other objects |
| Rocks can form in layers, called ____, that show the sequence of events that took place in the past | strata. |
| Most commonly studied rock is _____ rock. | Sedimentary |
| The law of ______ states that the sedimentary layer on the bottom is older than the layer above it | Superposition |
| The principle of original _______ states that sedimentary rocks left undisturbed will remain in horizontal layers. | Horizontalitly |
| The law of ________ states that an igneous intrusion or a fault is always younger than the rock layers it cut through | Crosscutting relationships |
| Earth is _______ years old. | 4.6 billion. |
| Uniformitarianism was first stated by _______ | James Hutton |
| The _______ of an object or event is its numeric age. Can be determined through analyzing rates of...... | Absolute Age |
| Examples of absolute age are..... | erosion (example: Niagara Falls), deposition (example: sandstone layers in U.S. Southwest), or varve counts (lake beds.). |
| Radiometric dating | A method used to determine absolute age by comparing the relative percentage of a radioactive isotope (parent) to a stable isotope (daughter). |
| a method used to determine absolute age by comparing the relative percentage of a radioactive isotope (parent) to a stable isotope (daughter) is called... | Radiometric dating. |
| An isotope’s half-life is- | the amount of time for half of the mass of parent isotope to decay into the stable daughter isotope |
| Uranium- 238 has a half-life of- | 4.5 billion year |
| the amount of time for half of the mass of parent isotope to decay into the stable daughter isotope is.. | an isotope’s half-life |
| Carbon Dating | younger layers can be indirectly dated by using carbon-14 dating to analyze the organic material (wood, bones, shells) embedded in the rock layer |
| younger layers can be indirectly dated by using carbon-14 dating to analyze the organic material (wood, bones, shells) embedded in the rock layer is called.. | Carbon Dating. |
| Fossilization- | Dead organism must be buried or protected quickly Usually only hard parts like bones,hells,or teeth fossilize. Types of fossils: carbon films, molds or casts, coprolites, gastroliths. (pg. 215, Table 2) Trace fossils = tracks, burrows, borings. |
| Used to establish the age of rock layers because they are abundant, widespread, and existed for only a short period of geologic time. Example in book: ammonites. Is Called... | Index Fossils |
| The Boundary between two beds of rock is called a | bedding plane |
| Index fossils | Fossils that occur only in rock layer of a particular geologic age |
| Using the rate of Erosion is to | determine absolute age would be less accurate for a surface feature such as the Grand Canyon which is millions of years old. |
| In general, about 30 cm of sedimentary rock are ___- over a period of 1,000 years | Deposited |
| Some sedimentary rock layers show annual layers called.... | varves |
| Which layer (summer or winter) is composed of darker, finer grains | winter |
| Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons are called... | isotopes |
| The half life is the time required for half of a radioactive sample to break down by decay to form the ______ isotope | daughter |
| The original radioactive isotope is called ______ isotope | parent |
| The scientific study of fossil is called.. | Paleontology |
| Some insects become fossilized in hardened tree sap called... | Amber |
| Organism buried in ______ do not decay, because bacteria doesn't survive in such low temperatures. | Ice |
| When minerals in groundwater percolate through buried organic matter, the result is a nearly perfect mineral replica of the object. This process is called.... | Petrification |
| A fossil residue of a leaf that makes a "shadow" on sedimentary rock is called a _______ | Carbon Films |
| The stones from the digestive tracts of dinosaurs...... | Gastroliths |
| Fossilized tracks, boring or burrows are called....... | Trace Fossils |
| Geologists also use these fossils to locate deposits of..... | oil or natural gas |
| Fossilized dung or waste is from an animal is called a.... | Coprolites |
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sierrareid
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