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Biology Midterm
vocabulary study guide for the biology midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Maintenance of a steady-state; keeping levels in the body constant | homeostasis |
| a group of similar organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring | a species |
| the part of an experiment that is used for comparison; lacks the variable being tested | control group |
| production of more organisms of the same species; may be sexual or asexual | reproduction |
| the gradual change of a species over time | growth |
| any feature or behavior that increases an organism's chance of survival or reproduction | adaptation |
| all of the chemical changes in an organism | metabolism |
| the variable in the experiment that is measured; it depends on the variable being tested | dependent variable |
| the study of life | biology |
| the results collected in an experiment | data |
| any information taken in by any of your five senses | observation |
| an assumption based on observations | inference |
| the part of the microscope that magnifies the image; can be low, medium, or high power | objective lens |
| the part of the microscope through which you look | ocular |
| the part of the microscope that allows you to focus | adjustment knobs |
| the part of the microscope that regulates the amount of light coming through | diaphragm |
| a measure of the acidity of a solution | the PH level |
| the monomer (subunit) that makes up proteins | amino acid |
| the joining of two molecules; water is removed in the process | dehydration synthesis |
| the name of the bond that holds together amino acids | peptide bond |
| a substance that has a high concentration of H+ ions | urine |
| a substance that has a high concentration of OH- ions | blood |
| any substance that contains carbon | organic |
| a specific type of protein that speeds up chemical reactions | enzyme |
| the hypothesis that states that an enzyme and it's substrate mus match perfectly; explain why enzymes are specific | the lock and key theory |
| a polysaccaride found in the cell walls of plants | cellulose |
| a simple sugar | monosaccharide |
| a "many" sugar | dissaccharides |
| the portion of the enzyme that binds to it's substrate | the active site |
| a macromolecule composed of C, H, and O; has a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen molecules to oxygen molecules | carbohydrate |
| a macromolecule composed of C, H, and O; ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is greater than 2:1 | lipid |
| a macromolecule composed of monosaccharides | carbohydrate |
| the form of polysaccharide in which plants store food | starch |
| -NH2 | amino acid |
| the subunit of nucleic acids | nucleotides |
| the macromolecule that contains C, H, O, N, and p | nucleic acids |
| macromolecule with C, H, O, N, and S | Protein |
| unfolding of an enzyme; makes it inactive | denature |
| anything that speeds up the rate of a reaction | reactant |
| DNA and RNA are examples of this type of macromelecule | nucleic acid |
| hemoglobin, collagen, and enzymes are examples of this type of macromolecule | protein |
| fats and oils are examples of this type of macromolecule | lipids |
| glucose, sucrose, and starch are examples of this type of macromolecule | carbohydrate |
| stores food, water, or proteins for the cell | vacuole |
| a means of taking large particles into the cell in which the cell changes shape to encompass the particle | phagocytosis |
| movement of particles from high to low concentration | diffusion |
| movement of water from high water concentration to low water concentration across a semi permeable membrane | osmosis |
| organelle in which photosynthesis takes place | chloroplast |
| organelle in which cellular respiration takes place | mitochondria |
| water loving | hydrophilic |
| water fearing | hydrophobic |
| describes the fact that the plasma membrane allows some things through, but not other things | semi-permeable |
| organelle that digests wastes of the cell | lysosome |
| organelle that makes proteins | ribosome |
| organelle that stores the DNA | nucleus |
| organelle that makes ribosomes | nucleolus |
| type of cell that contains a membrane bound nucleus and organelles | eukaryotic |
| type of cell that lacks a membrane | prokaryotic |
| organelle that surrounds a plant cell | cell wall |
| movement of particles from low concentration to high concentration | active transport |
| water moves out of a cell if it is placed in this type of environment | hypertonic |
| water moves into a cell if it is placed in this type of environment | hypotonic |
| this type of environment has an equal solute concentration as inside the cell | isotonic |
| the primary molecule of energy for the cell | ATP |
| organelle involved in packaging proteins for transport outside of the cell | golgi body |
| prokaryotic cells are only found in this type of organism | bacteria |
| the main component of the cell membrane | phospholipids |
| the steroid in the cell membrane that helps with it's stability and flexibility | cholesterol |
| the macromolecules embedded in the membrane that help with self recognition, transport, and reception of hormonal messages | protein |
| chromosome pairs that are similar but not identical; one came from mom and the other from dad | homologous |
| having only one copy of each chromosome (as in sex cells) | haploid |
| the process of converting light energy into carbohydrates | photosynthesis |
| the sources of carbon for photosynthesis | CO2 |
| a process that lacks oxygen | anaerobic respiration |
| the phase of the cell cycle that is not a part of mitosis | interphase |
| the phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes become visible | metaphase |
| the phase of mitosis in which the sister chromatids first separate | anaphase |
| the type of nuclear divistion that forms gametes | meiosis |
| the type of nuclear division that replaces worn out cells | mitosis |
| sperm and egg | gametes |
| the type of reproduction that involves fusion of a sperm and egg | sexual reproduction |
| identical copies of chromosomes made just before cell divistion | replication |
| the alignment of the chromosmes in a picture; used to test for genetic desorders in fetuses | karyotype |
| the division of the cytoplasm | cytokenesis |
| the mixing of chromosomes among homologous chromosomes that occurs during prophase 1 of meiosis | |
| the 3 carbon sugar formed by glycolysis | pyruvate |
| the substance formed by fermentation in humans that causes the burning sensation during exercise | fatty acid |
| the green pigment in plants | chlorophyll |
| the third step in cellular respiration in which the NADH and FADH2 are converted to ATP | |
| the place where meiosis occurs in males | testicles |
| place where meiosis occurs in females | ovary |
| a cell with two copies of each chromosome | diploid |
| the point of connection between two sister chromatids | centromere |
| the final product of cellular respiration that is the "goal" | ATP for humans |
| the final product of photosynthesis | ATP for plants |
| a portion of DNA that codes for a protein; determines a trait | gene |
| the cross that determines whether an individual is homozygous dominant, or heterozygous for a trait | test cross |
| a gene located on the X chromosome | sex link |
| X and Y chromosomes | gametes |
| blood type known as the universal donor | type O |
| a family tree showing the phenotypes of individuals | pedigree |
| having two identical alleles for one trait | homozygous |
| having two non identical alleles for a trait | heterozygous |
| a trait that is controlled by many genes is... | polygenic |
| an organisms gene combination | genotype |
| the father of heredity | mendel |
| a picture of aperson'ts chromosomes used to determine if the person has a chromosomal disorder and if the person is male or female. | karyotype |
| the recessive disorder that cause mucus to build up in the lungs | cystic fibrosis |
| the sex linked disorder that causes a person to bleed without stopping | charcot |
| the recessive disorder that leads to fats building up in the brains of babies causing them to die early in life | tay sachs |
| the recessive disorder that leads to infections and fatigue as the hemoglobin is not properly made | sickle cell |
| the disorder that is a result of an extra 21st chromosome as the chromatids do not separate properly during meiosis | down syndrome |
| the process of making RNA from DNA | transcription |
| the process of making polypeptides from mRNA | translation |
| the process of making new copies of DNA | replication |
| the characteristics of DNA that A's match up with T | complementary |
| characteristic of DNA that when copied eahc new DNA molecule has half the original strand | semi conservative |
| the characteristic of dna that indicates that the two strands of the double helix are running in opposite directions | anti parallel |
| who discovered the double helix | watson and crick |
| molecule that carries amino acids into the ribosome | tRNA |
| molecule made from DNA that is part of the ribosome | rRNA |
| basic subunits of DNA and RNA | nucleotides |
| the part of a nucleotide that is unique to each type of nucleotide | nitrogen base |
| the bonds that hold the two strands of DNA to each other | hydrogen |
| the enzyme that makes the RNA from the DNA | polymerase |
| the nucleotide that is in RNA but not DNA | U |
| a change in the DNA | mutation |
| the three letter pattern for one amino acid that is found on mRna | codon |
| the three letter pattern found on a tRNA that allows for tRNA to match up to mRNA | anti-codon |
| the subunits that make up a protein that are aligned during translation | amino acids |
| the author of the theory of natural selection | charles darwin |
| the sum of all the genes in a population | gene pool |
| the concept that living things arose from nonliving components | spontaneous generation |
| the process of how organisms that more adapted to their surroundings evolve | natural selection |
| changes within a population or species over time | evolution |
| a physical trait or behavior that has evolved in an organism over time | development |
| a group of similar looking organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring | species |
| body parts that have similar functions but evolved separately | analogous structures |
| body parts that have different functions but have evolved from a common ancestor | homologous structures |
| the concept that antibiotics no longer work as bacteria have evolved so very few are affected | adaptation |
| body parts that have no apparent function today, but give us clues to the ancestry of a species | vestigial structures |
Created by:
lfatool
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