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Psychology 122
chapter 14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Psychopathology | The specific study of the origins, symptoms, and development of psychological disorders. |
| Psychological Disorder (Mental Disorder) | A pattern of behavioral and psychological symptoms that causes significant personal distress, impairs the ability to function in one or more important areas of daily life, or both. |
| DSM-IV-TR | the book published by the American Psychiatric Association that describes the specific symptoms and diagnostic guidelines for different psychological disorders. |
| Anxiety | An unpleasant emotional state characterized by physical arousal and feeling of tension, apprehension and worry. |
| Anxiety Disorder | A category of psychological disorders in which extreme anxiety is the main diagnostic feature and causes significant disruptions in the person’s cognitive, behavioral, or interpersonal functioning. |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | An anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, global, and persistent symptoms of anxiety; also called free-floating anxiety. |
| Panic Attack | A sudden episode of extreme anxiety that rapidly escalates in intensity. |
| Panic Disorder | An anxiety disorder in which the person experiences frequent and unexpected panic attacks. |
| Phobia | A strong or irrational fear of something, usually a specific object or situation, that does not necessarily interfere with the ability to function in daily life. |
| Specific Phobia | An anxiety disorder characterized by an extreme and irrational fear of a specific object or situation that interferes with the ability to function in daily life; formerly called simple phobia. |
| Agoraphobia | An anxiety disorder involving the extreme and irrational fear of experiencing a panic attack in a public situation and being unable to escape or get help. |
| Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder) | An anxiety disorder involving the extreme and irrational fear of being embarrassed, judged, or scrutinized by others in social situations. |
| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | An anxiety disorder in which chronic and persistent symptoms of anxiety develop in response to an extreme physical or psychological trauma. |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | An anxiety disorder in which the symptoms of anxiety are triggered by intrusive, repetitive thoughts and urges to perform certain actions. |
| Obsessions | Repeated, intrusive, and uncontrollable irrational thoughts or mental images that cause extreme anxiety and distress. |
| Compulsions | Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that are preformed to prevent or reduce anxiety. |
| Mood Disorders | A category of psychological disorders in which significant and persistent disruptions in mood or emotions cause impaired cognitive, behavioral, and physical functioning; also call affective disorders. |
| Major Depression | A mood disorder characterized by extreme and persistent feelings of despondency, worthlessness, and hopelessness causing impaired emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and physical functioning. |
| Dysthymic Disorder | A mood disorder involving chronic, low grade feelings of depression that produce subjective discomfort nut do not seriously impair the ability to function. |
| Seasonal Affective Disorder | A mood disorder in which episodes of depression typically occur during the fall and winter and subside during the spring and summer. |
| Bipolar Disorder | A mood disorder involving periods of incapacitating depression alternating with periods of extreme euphoria and excitement; formerly called manic depression. |
| Manic Episode | A sudden, rapidly escalating emotional state characterized by extreme euphoria, excitement, physical energy, and rapid thoughts and speech. |
| Cyclothymic Disorder | A mood disorder characterized by moderate but frequent mood swings that are not severe enough to qualify as bipolar disorder. |
| Personality Disorder | Inflexible, maladaptive patterns of thoughts, emotions, behavior, and interpersonal functioning that are stable over time and across situations, and deviate from the expectations of the individual’s culture. |
| Paranoid Personality Disorder | A personality disorder characterized by a pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of the motives of others without sufficient basis. |
| Antisocial Personality Disorder | A personality disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregarding and violating the right of others; such individuals are also often referred to as psychopaths or sociopaths. |
| Borderline Personality Disorder | A personality disorder characterized by instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, and marked impulsivity. |
| Dissociative Experience | A break or disruption in consciousness during which awareness, memory, and personal identity become separated or divided. |
| Dissociative Disorders | A category of psychological disorders in which extreme and frequent disruptions of awareness, memory, and personal identity impair the ability to function. |
| Dissociative Amnesia | A dissociative disorder involving partial or total inability to recall important personal information. |
| Dissociative Fugue | A dissociative disorder involving sudden and unexpected travel away from home, extensive amnesia, and identity confusion. |
| Dissociative Identity Disorder | A dissociative disorder involving extensive memory disruption along with the presence of two or more distinct identities, or “personalities”; formerly called multiple personality disorder. |
| Schizophrenia | A dissociative disorder in which the ability to function is impaired by severely distorted beliefs, perceptions, and thought processes. |
| Positive Symptoms | In schizophrenia, symptoms that reflect excesses or distortions of normal functioning, including delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thoughts and behavior. |
| Negative Symptoms | In schizophrenia, symptoms that reflect defects or deficits in normal functioning, including flat affect, alogia, and avolition. |
| Delusion | A falsely held belief that persists in spite of compelling contradictory evidence. |
| Hallucination | A false or distorted perception that seems vividly real to the person experiencing it. |
| Dopamine Hypothesis | The view that schizophrenia is related to, and may be caused by, excessive activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain. |
| DSM-IV-TR | Abbreviation for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision; |
| Aaron T. Beck (b. 1921) | American psychologist who founded cognitive therapy, a psychotherapy based on the assumption that depression and other psychological problems are caused by biased perceptions, distorted thinking, and inaccurate beliefs. |
| Albert Ellis (b. 1913) | American psychologist who founded cognitive psychotherapy called rational-emotive therapy(RET), which emphasizes recognizing and changing irrational beliefs. |
| Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) | Austrian physician and founder of psychoanalysis who theorized that psychological symptoms are a result of the unconscious and unresolved conflicts stemming from early childhood. |
| Mary Cover Jones (1896-1987) | American psychologist who conducted the first clinical demonstrations of behavior therapy. |
| Carl Rogers (1902-1987) | American psychologist who helped found humanistic psychology and developed client-centered therapy. |
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SaraMcKenzie
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