Question 1

Motivation

Accepted Answer

The biological, emotional, cognitive, or social forces that activate and direct behavior.

Question 2

Instinct Theories

Accepted Answer

The view that certain human behaviors are innate and due to evolutionary programming.

Question 3

Drive Theories

Accepted Answer

The view that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs.

Question 4

Homeostasis

Accepted Answer

The idea that the body monitors and maintains internal states, such as body temperature and energy supplies, at relatively consistent levels; in general, the tendency to reach or maintain equilibrium.

Question 5

Drive

Accepted Answer

A need or internal motivational state that activates behavior to reduce the need and restore homeostasis.

Question 6

Incentive Theories

Accepted Answer

The view that behavior is motivated by the pull of external goals, such as rewards.

Question 7

Arousal Theory

Accepted Answer

The view that people are motivated to maintain a level of arousal that is optimal – neither too high nor too low.

Question 8

Sensation Seeking

Accepted Answer

The degree to which an individual is motivated to experience high levels of sensory and physical arousal associated with varied and novel activites.

Question 9

Humanistic Theories of Motivation

Accepted Answer

The view that emphasizes the importance of psychological and cognitive factors in motivation, especially the notion that people are motivated to realize their personal potential.

Question 10

Glucose

Accepted Answer

Simple sugar that provides energy and is primarily produced by the conversion of carbohydrates and fats; commonly called blood sugar.

Question 11

Insulin

Accepted Answer

Hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood levels of glucose and signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behavior.

Question 12

Basal Metabolic Rate

Accepted Answer

When Body is at rest, the rate at which it uses energy for vital functions, such as heartbeat and respiration.

Question 13

Adipose Tissue

Accepted Answer

Body fat that is the main source of stored, or reserve, energy.

Question 14

Energy Homeostasis

Accepted Answer

The long-term matching of food intake to energy expenditure.

Question 15

Ghrelin

Accepted Answer

Hormone manufacture primarily by the stomach that stimulates appetite and the secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland.

Question 16

Positive Incentive Value

Accepted Answer

In eating behavior, the anticipated pleasure of consuming a particular food; in general, the expectation of pleasure or satisfaction in performing a particular behavior.

Question 17

Satiation

Accepted Answer

In eating behavior, the feeling of fullness and diminished desire to eat that accompanies eating a meal; in general, the sensation of having an appetite or desire fully or excessively satisfied.

Question 18

Cholecystokinin

Accepted Answer

Hormone secreted primarily in the small intestine that promotes satiation; also found in the brain.

Question 19

Sensory-Specific Satiety

Accepted Answer

The reduced desire to consume a particular food.

Question 20

Leptin

Accepted Answer

Hormone produced by fat cells that signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behavior.

Question 21

Neuropeptide Y

Accepted Answer

Neurotransmitter found in several brain areas, most notably the hypothalamus that stimulates eating behavior and reduces metabolism, promoting positive energy balance and weight gain.

Question 22

Set-Point Theory

Accepted Answer

Theory that proposes that humans and other animals have a natural or optimal body weight, called the Set-Point Weight, that the body defends from becoming higher or lower by regulating feeling of hunger and body metabolism.

Question 23

Setting-Point models of Weight Regulation

Accepted Answer

General model of weigh regulation suggesting that body weight settles, or stabilizes, around the point at which there is balance between the factors influencing energy intake and expenditure.

Question 24

Body Mass Index

Accepted Answer

A numerical scale indicating adult height in regulation to weight, calculated as (703 x weight in pounds)(height in inches).

Question 25

Obese

Accepted Answer

Condition characterized by excessive body fat and a body mass index equal to or greater than 30.0.

Question 26

Cafeteria Diet Effect

Accepted Answer

The tendency to eat more when a wide variety of palatable food is available.

Question 27

Leptin Resistance

Accepted Answer

A condition in which higher-than-normal blood levels of the hormone leptin do not produce the physiological response.

Question 28

Weight Cycling

Accepted Answer

Repeated cycles of dieting, weight loss, and weight regain; also called yo-yo dieting.

Question 29

Eating Disorder

Accepted Answer

A category of mental disorders characterized by severe disturbances in eating behavior.

Question 30

Anorexia Nervosa

Accepted Answer

An eating disorder characterized by excessive weight loss, an irrational fear of gaining weight, and distorted body self-perception.

Question 31

Bulimia Nervosa

Accepted Answer

An eating disorder characterized by binges of extreme overeating followed by self induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, or other inappropriate methods to purge the excessive food and prevent weight gain.

Question 32

Hierarchy of Needs

Accepted Answer

Maslow’s hierarchical division of motivation into levels that progress from basic physical needs to psychological needs to self-fulfillment needs.

Question 33

Self-Actualization

Accepted Answer

Defined by Maslow as a person’s “full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, and potentialities”.

Question 34

Self-Determination Theory

Accepted Answer

Edward Deci and Richard Ryan’s theory that optimal human functioning can occur only if the physical needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are satisfied.

Question 35

Intrinsic Motivation

Accepted Answer

The desire to engage in tasks that the person finds inherently satisfying and enjoyable, novel, or optimally challenging; the desire to do something just for its own sake.

Question 36

Extrinsic Motivation

Accepted Answer

External factors or influences on behavior, such as rewards, consequences or social expectations.

Question 37

Competence Motivation

Accepted Answer

The desire to direct one’s behavior toward demonstrating competence and exercising control in a situation.

Question 38

Achievement Motivation

Accepted Answer

The desire to direct one’s behavior toward excelling, succeeding, or outperforming others at some task.

Question 39

Thematic Apperception Test

Accepted Answer

A projective test developed by Henry Murray and his colleagues that involves creating stories about ambiguous scenes that can be interpreted in a variety of ways.

Question 40

Emotion

Accepted Answer

A complex psychological state that involves subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response.

Question 41

Emotional Intelligence

Accepted Answer

The capacity to understand and manage your own emotional experiences and  to perceive, comprehend, and respond appropriately to the emotional responses of others.

Question 42

Basic Emotions

Accepted Answer

The most fundamental set of emotion categories, which are biologically innate, evolutionarily determined, and culturally universal.

Question 43

Interpersonal Engagement

Accepted Answer

Emotion dimension reflecting the degree to which emotions involve a relationship with another person or other people.

Question 44

Amygdala

Accepted Answer

Almond-shape cluster of neurons in the brain’s temporal lobe, involved in memory and emotional responses, especially fear.

Question 45

Brain Fingerprinting

Accepted Answer

Technique use to detect lies or deception, which uses an electroencephalograph to analyze brain waves; determines whether a stimulus is familiar ( i.e. recognized because it is stored in the suspect’s memory) or unfamiliar.

Question 46

Display Rules

Accepted Answer

Social and cultural regulations governing emotional expression, especially facial expressions.

Question 47

Anthropomorphism

Accepted Answer

The attribution of human traits, motives, emotions, or behaviors to nonhuman animals or inanimate objects.

Question 48

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Accepted Answer

The theory that emotions arise from the perception of body changes.

Question 49

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Accepted Answer

The view that expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, causes the subjective experience of that emotion.

Question 50

Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

Accepted Answer

Schachter and Singer’s theory that emotion is the interaction of physiological arousal and the cognitive label that we apply to explain the arousal.

Question 51

Cognitive-Meditational Theory of Emotion

Accepted Answer

Lazarus’s theory that emotions result from the cognitive appraisal of a situation’s effect on  personal well-being.

Question 52

Self-Efficacy

Accepted Answer

The degree to which a person is convinced of his or her ability to effectively meet the demand of a particular situation.

Question 53

Walter Cannon (1871-1945)

Accepted Answer

American psychologist who developed an influential theory of emotion called Cannon-Bard theory of emotion.

Question 54

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

Accepted Answer

English naturalist and scientist whose theory of evolution through natural selection was first published in On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859.

Question 55

Edward L Deci (b.1942)

Accepted Answer

American psychologist who, along with Richard M. Ryan, developed self-determination theory, which contends that optimal psychological functioning and growth can only occur if the psychological needs of anatomy, competence, and relatedness are satisfied.

Question 56

Paul Ekman (b.1934)

Accepted Answer

American psychologist and emotion researcher who is best known for his work in classifying basic emotions, analyzing facial expressions, and demonstrating the basic emotions and facial expressions are culturally universal.

Question 57

William James (1842-1910)

Accepted Answer

American psychologist who developed an influential theory of emotion called the James-Lange theory.

Question 58

Richard Lazarus (1922-2002)

Accepted Answer

American psychologist and  founder of humanistic psychology who developed a hierarchical model of human motivation in which basic needs must first be satisfied before people can strive for self-actualization.

Question 59

Richard M. Ryan (b.1953)

Accepted Answer

American psychologist who, along with Edward L. Deci,  developed self-determination theory, which contends that optimal psychological functioning and growth can only occur if the psychological needs of anatomy, competence, and relatedness are satisfied.

Question 60