Chapter 8
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| Motivation | The biological, emotional, cognitive, or social forces that activate and direct behavior.
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| Instinct Theories | The view that certain human behaviors are innate and due to evolutionary programming.
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| Drive Theories | The view that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs.
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| Homeostasis | The idea that the body monitors and maintains internal states, such as body temperature and energy supplies, at relatively consistent levels; in general, the tendency to reach or maintain equilibrium.
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| Drive | A need or internal motivational state that activates behavior to reduce the need and restore homeostasis.
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| Incentive Theories | The view that behavior is motivated by the pull of external goals, such as rewards.
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| Arousal Theory | The view that people are motivated to maintain a level of arousal that is optimal – neither too high nor too low.
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| Sensation Seeking | The degree to which an individual is motivated to experience high levels of sensory and physical arousal associated with varied and novel activites.
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| Humanistic Theories of Motivation | The view that emphasizes the importance of psychological and cognitive factors in motivation, especially the notion that people are motivated to realize their personal potential.
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| Glucose | Simple sugar that provides energy and is primarily produced by the conversion of carbohydrates and fats; commonly called blood sugar.
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| Insulin | Hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood levels of glucose and signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behavior.
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| Basal Metabolic Rate | When Body is at rest, the rate at which it uses energy for vital functions, such as heartbeat and respiration.
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| Adipose Tissue | Body fat that is the main source of stored, or reserve, energy.
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| Energy Homeostasis | The long-term matching of food intake to energy expenditure.
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| Ghrelin | Hormone manufacture primarily by the stomach that stimulates appetite and the secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland.
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| Positive Incentive Value | In eating behavior, the anticipated pleasure of consuming a particular food; in general, the expectation of pleasure or satisfaction in performing a particular behavior.
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| Satiation | In eating behavior, the feeling of fullness and diminished desire to eat that accompanies eating a meal; in general, the sensation of having an appetite or desire fully or excessively satisfied.
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| Cholecystokinin | Hormone secreted primarily in the small intestine that promotes satiation; also found in the brain.
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| Sensory-Specific Satiety | The reduced desire to consume a particular food.
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| Leptin | Hormone produced by fat cells that signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behavior.
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| Neuropeptide Y | Neurotransmitter found in several brain areas, most notably the hypothalamus that stimulates eating behavior and reduces metabolism, promoting positive energy balance and weight gain.
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| Set-Point Theory | Theory that proposes that humans and other animals have a natural or optimal body weight, called the Set-Point Weight, that the body defends from becoming higher or lower by regulating feeling of hunger and body metabolism.
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| Setting-Point models of Weight Regulation | General model of weigh regulation suggesting that body weight settles, or stabilizes, around the point at which there is balance between the factors influencing energy intake and expenditure.
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| Body Mass Index | A numerical scale indicating adult height in regulation to weight, calculated as (703 x weight in pounds)(height in inches).
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| Obese | Condition characterized by excessive body fat and a body mass index equal to or greater than 30.0.
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| Cafeteria Diet Effect | The tendency to eat more when a wide variety of palatable food is available.
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| Leptin Resistance | A condition in which higher-than-normal blood levels of the hormone leptin do not produce the physiological response.
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| Weight Cycling | Repeated cycles of dieting, weight loss, and weight regain; also called yo-yo dieting.
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| Eating Disorder | A category of mental disorders characterized by severe disturbances in eating behavior.
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| Anorexia Nervosa | An eating disorder characterized by excessive weight loss, an irrational fear of gaining weight, and distorted body self-perception.
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| Bulimia Nervosa | An eating disorder characterized by binges of extreme overeating followed by self induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, or other inappropriate methods to purge the excessive food and prevent weight gain.
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| Hierarchy of Needs | Maslow’s hierarchical division of motivation into levels that progress from basic physical needs to psychological needs to self-fulfillment needs.
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| Self-Actualization | Defined by Maslow as a person’s “full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, and potentialities”.
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| Self-Determination Theory | Edward Deci and Richard Ryan’s theory that optimal human functioning can occur only if the physical needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are satisfied.
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| Intrinsic Motivation | The desire to engage in tasks that the person finds inherently satisfying and enjoyable, novel, or optimally challenging; the desire to do something just for its own sake.
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| Extrinsic Motivation | External factors or influences on behavior, such as rewards, consequences or social expectations.
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| Competence Motivation | The desire to direct one’s behavior toward demonstrating competence and exercising control in a situation.
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| Achievement Motivation | The desire to direct one’s behavior toward excelling, succeeding, or outperforming others at some task.
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| Thematic Apperception Test | A projective test developed by Henry Murray and his colleagues that involves creating stories about ambiguous scenes that can be interpreted in a variety of ways.
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| Emotion | A complex psychological state that involves subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response.
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| Emotional Intelligence | The capacity to understand and manage your own emotional experiences and to perceive, comprehend, and respond appropriately to the emotional responses of others.
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| Basic Emotions | The most fundamental set of emotion categories, which are biologically innate, evolutionarily determined, and culturally universal.
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| Interpersonal Engagement | Emotion dimension reflecting the degree to which emotions involve a relationship with another person or other people.
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| Amygdala | Almond-shape cluster of neurons in the brain’s temporal lobe, involved in memory and emotional responses, especially fear.
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| Brain Fingerprinting | Technique use to detect lies or deception, which uses an electroencephalograph to analyze brain waves; determines whether a stimulus is familiar ( i.e. recognized because it is stored in the suspect’s memory) or unfamiliar.
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| Display Rules | Social and cultural regulations governing emotional expression, especially facial expressions.
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| Anthropomorphism | The attribution of human traits, motives, emotions, or behaviors to nonhuman animals or inanimate objects.
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| James-Lange Theory of Emotion | The theory that emotions arise from the perception of body changes.
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| Facial Feedback Hypothesis | The view that expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, causes the subjective experience of that emotion.
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| Two-Factor Theory of Emotion | Schachter and Singer’s theory that emotion is the interaction of physiological arousal and the cognitive label that we apply to explain the arousal.
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| Cognitive-Meditational Theory of Emotion | Lazarus’s theory that emotions result from the cognitive appraisal of a situation’s effect on personal well-being.
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| Self-Efficacy | The degree to which a person is convinced of his or her ability to effectively meet the demand of a particular situation.
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| Walter Cannon (1871-1945) | American psychologist who developed an influential theory of emotion called Cannon-Bard theory of emotion.
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| Charles Darwin (1809-1882) | English naturalist and scientist whose theory of evolution through natural selection was first published in On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859.
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| Edward L Deci (b.1942) | American psychologist who, along with Richard M. Ryan, developed self-determination theory, which contends that optimal psychological functioning and growth can only occur if the psychological needs of anatomy, competence, and relatedness are satisfied.
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| Paul Ekman (b.1934) | American psychologist and emotion researcher who is best known for his work in classifying basic emotions, analyzing facial expressions, and demonstrating the basic emotions and facial expressions are culturally universal.
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| William James (1842-1910) | American psychologist who developed an influential theory of emotion called the James-Lange theory.
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| Richard Lazarus (1922-2002) | American psychologist and founder of humanistic psychology who developed a hierarchical model of human motivation in which basic needs must first be satisfied before people can strive for self-actualization.
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| Richard M. Ryan (b.1953) | American psychologist who, along with Edward L. Deci, developed self-determination theory, which contends that optimal psychological functioning and growth can only occur if the psychological needs of anatomy, competence, and relatedness are satisfied.
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| Walter Cannon (1871-1945) | American psychologist who developed an influential theory of emotion called Cannon-Bard theory of emotion.
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| Charles Darwin (1809-1882) | English naturalist and scientist whose theory of evolution through natural selection was first published in On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859.
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| Edward L Deci (b.1942) | American psychologist who, along with Richard M. Ryan, developed self-determination theory, which contends that optimal psychological functioning and growth can only occur if the psychological needs of anatomy, competence, and relatedness are satisfied.
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| Paul Ekman (b.1934) | American psychologist and emotion researcher who is best known for his work in classifying basic emotions, analyzing facial expressions, and demonstrating the basic emotions and facial expressions are culturally universal.
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| William James (1842-1910) | American psychologist who developed an influential theory of emotion called the James-Lange theory.
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| Richard Lazarus (1922-2002) | American psychologist and founder of humanistic psychology who developed a hierarchical model of human motivation in which basic needs must first be satisfied before people can strive for self-actualization.
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| Richard M. Ryan (b.1953) | American psychologist who, along with Edward L. Deci, developed self-determination theory, which contends that optimal psychological functioning and growth can only occur if the psychological needs of anatomy, competence, and relatedness are satisfied.
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