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Chapter 10
Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
Term | Definition |
---|---|
DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid |
Subunits of DNA | Nucleotides |
Parts of a nucleotide (3) | Sugar, phosphate, base |
Sugar present in DNA | Deoxyribose |
Phosphate present in DNA | Phosphorous |
Bases present in DNA (4) | Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine |
Purines (2) | Adenine and guanine |
Pyrimidines (2) | Cytosine and thymine |
Scientists who suggested double helix model | Watson and Crick |
Award won by Watson and Crick | 1962 Nobel Prize in Medicine |
Complementary base pairs | C-G, T-A |
Replication | Process of copying DNA |
Helicases | Enzymes that separate base pairs |
DNA polymerase | Enzymes that bind to the separated chains of DNA |
Error rate in paired nucleotides | 1 in 1 billion |
Mutation | Caused by a change in the nucleotide sequence |
RNA | Ribonucleic acid |
Base not present in RNA | Thymine |
Base present only in RNA | Uracil |
Sugar present in RNA | Ribose |
Types of RNA (3) | Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA), Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) |
Shape of mRNA | Single uncoiled chain |
Shape of tRNA | Hairpin shape |
Shape of rRNA | Globular form |
Most abundant form of RNA | rRNA |
Purpose of mRNA | Carries genetic info from DNA in the nucleus to the cytosol |
Purpose of tRNA | Binds to specific amino acids |
Purpose of rRNA | Makes up the ribosomes where proteins are made |
Number of varieties of tRNA | 45 |
Protein synthesis | Production of proteins |
Number of amino acids | 20 |
Genetic code | Correlation between a nucleotide sequence and an amino acid sequence |
Codon | 3 mRNA nucleotides |
Translation | Process of assembling polypeptides from information encoded in mRNA |
Anticodon | 3 tRNA nucleotides; pairs with the mRNA codon |
Ribosomes | Composed of rRNA and proteins |
Location of ribosomes | Free in the cytoplasm and attached to the endoplasmic reticulum |