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Sookdeo-DNA
DNA & Biotechnology (Ch. 13-16)
Term | Definition |
---|---|
DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics |
nucleotide | nucleic acid chain, a subunit that has a sugar, phosphate and base. There are 4 different bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine. (AT & CG are complementary pairs and the fit together like a puzzle piece in DNA) |
replication | the duplication of a DNA molecule |
mutation | a change in the genetic material of an organism |
RNA | ribonucleic acid, molecule present in all living cells that help produce protein. There are 4 different bases: adenine, uracil, cytosine and guanine. (AU & CG are complementary pairs and the fit together like a puzzle piece in RNA) |
ribosome | cell organelle made up of RNA and protein |
biotechnology | the use and application of living things and biological processes |
artifical selection | human practice of breeding animals or plants with desired traits |
genetic engineering | a technology in which the genome of a living cell is modified for medical or industrial use |
clone | an organism, cell, or piece of genetic material that is genetically identical |
bacteriophage | a virus that infects a bacteria |
messenger RNA | (mRNA); carry copies of instructions to assemble amino acids into protein from the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm |
ribosomal RNA | (rRNA); as many as 80 proteins that assemble on the ribosome |
transfer RNA | (tRNA); carry amino acid to the ribosome and match them to the coded mRNA |
transcription | the process of copying a base sequence from DNA to RNA |
polypeptide | a chain of protein formed by joining amino acids |
codon | three consecutive bases that specify an amino acid |
translation | decoding of an mRNA message into a protein |
genome | full set of genetic information that an organism carries in its DNA |
karyotype | image of chromosomes in pairs by size (diploid) |
sex chromosome | chromosome that determines gender |
autosomes | chromosomes that do not include the sex chromosomes |
sex linked gene | genes that are passed on through the X or Y chromosomes |
pedigree | a chart that shows the presence or absence within a family |
selective breeding | allowing only animals with wanted characteristics to produce the next generation |
inbreeding | breeding individuals with similar characteristics |
hybridization | cross of dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms |
transgenic | contain genes from other species |