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Ch 12 - 13 Biology
DNA / RNA and Protein Synthesis
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Frederick Griffith | In 1928, British Scientist who wanted to know how bacteria made people sick. |
| S strain | Harmful bacteria, smooth edges |
| R strain | Harmless bacteria, rough edges |
| Griffith's experiment results | Transformation = one type of harmless bact. permanently changed into another harmful bact. |
| Oswald Avery | In 1944, Canadian Scientist wanted to determine which molecule in the heat-killed bacteria was most important for transformation. |
| Avery's experiment | Extracted a mixture of various molecules from the heat killed bacteria. They treated the mixture with enzymes that destroyed proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids |
| Avery's experiment results | Transformation still occurred Except…. When DNA was detroyed. Transformation could NOT occur |
| Hershey and Chase | Studied Viruses - specifically viruses that infect bacterica |
| 3 Roles of DNA | Store Information Copy Information Transmit Information |
| DNA must do 3 Things | Carry Information from one generation to the next Determine heritable Characteristics Be easily replicated for mitosis to occur |
| What is DNA made up of? | Made up of units called nucleotides |
| Basic Parts of DNA (3) | Phosphate Group 5-Carbon Sugar (deoxyribose) Nitrogen Containing Base |
| Chargaff's Rule | A=T and G=C |
| Rosaline Franklin | Used X - Ray diffusion to give clues about DNA structure. She stretched DNA fibers and aimed a powerful X-ray beam that formed the scattered pattern picture showing a twisted structure of 2 strands. |
| Watson and Crick | Used Chargraffs rule and Franklin's picture to build a structural model of DNA. |
| Double Helix | 2 strands that are wound around each other looking like spiral staircase. |
| Hydrogen Bonds | Holds strands of DNA together |
| A-T | Double bonded |
| G-C | Triple bonded |
| What features a sugar phosphate backbone? | DNA Structure |
| DNA molecules separate into ________ strands and then produces two new___________ strands following the rules of base pairing | 2 strands ; 2 new strands |
| Before a cell divides, it duplicates its DNA in a copying process called ___________________ | Replication |
| S Phase | When DNA replication occurs |
| DNA polymerase | Principle enzyme involved in DNA replication "Proofreads" each new strand |
| Prokaryotes | Single circular DNA in cytoplasm |
| Eukaryotes | Have 1000 times more DNA than prokaryotes; has DNA in the nucleus |
| Prokaryotic Replication | Starts from a single point and proceeds in 2 different directions until the entire chromosome is copied. |
| Eukaryotic Replication | Begins at dozens or even hundreds of places on the DNA molecule, proceeding in both directions until each chromosome is copied. |
| Proteins | Check for chemical damage or base pair mismatches before replication. |
| RNA | Ribonucleic Acid |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
| How is RNA different from DNA? | RNA is single stranded Contains ribose instead of deoxyribose Contains uracil instead of thymine |
| DNA = "_____" | "Master Blueprint" |
| RNA = "_____ " | "Disposable Copy" |
Created by:
mellon
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