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Biology 3 Exam 1
Evolution, Development, Radiata
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Allele | Version of a gene. |
| Adaptation | Heritable trait that increases fitness via natural selection. |
| Darwin's 4 Postulates | 1. Individual variation 2. Some variations are heritable 3. More offspring produced than survive 4. Individuals with traits that confer an advantage are more likely to survive and reproduce |
| 4 Mechanisms of Evolution | 1. Mutation 2. Genetic Drift 3. Gene Flow 4. Natural Selection |
| Mutation | [Mechanism of evolution] - Any change in the heritable material of an organism; production of new alleles. |
| Genetic Drift | [Mechanism of Evolution] - Random changes in alleles frequencies in a population due to chance events. |
| Gene Flow | [Mechanism of evolution] - Movement of alleles from one population to another. |
| Homolgy | Similarity due to shared ancestry. |
| Synapomorphies | Shared derived traits that have been modified from the ancestral species. |
| Apoptosis | Programmed cell death. |
| Gastrulation | Cell movement in the blastula where the cells rearrange themselves into the germ layers. |
| Homoplasy | Convergent evolution produces a polyphyletic group in which two organisms that share an environment have developed similar morphologies. |
| Parsimony | Least amount of changes portrayed in phylogenic trees. |
| Cortical Granules | Vesicles containing digestive enzymes |
| Diploblast | 2 germ layers: Ectoderm & Endoderm |
| Triploblast | 3 germ layers: Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm |
| What does the MESODERM (triploblast) develop into? | - Muscle - Organs - Connective tissue |
| What does the ENDODERM (triploblast) develop into? | - Digestive tract |
| What does the ECTODERM (triploblast) develop into? | - Skin - Nervous system |
| Cephalazation | The evolution of a head, or anterior region, where structures for feeding, sensing the environment, and processing information are concentrated. |
| Ganglia | Concentration of neurons. |
| Ceolom | Fluid filled cavity lined by the MESODERM and sandwiched between the ECTODERM and ENDODERM. |
| Protosome | - Blastopore becomes the mouth - Spiral cleavage - Ceolom developed from mesoderm that expands indepedently of endoderm. - Bilateral symmetry |
| Deuterosome | - Blastpore becomes the anus. - Radial Cleavage - Ceolom develops from the mesoderm pinching off from the endoderm. - Bilateral Symmetry (except Echinodermata) |
| Clade Parazoa | Synapomorphy: Multicellularity - Porifera - Placazoa |
| Clade Radiata | Synapomorphies: Diploblasts, radial symmetry, neurons, primitive muscle cells, tissue development. - Cnidaria - Ctenophora |
| Aceolomate | - 2 germ layers. - No ceolom. - Flatworms and ribbon worms. |
| Pseudoceolomate | - 2 germ layers. - Pseudoceolom isn't surrounded by mesoderm. - Nematodes |
| Ceolomate | - 3 germ layers. - Ceolom surrounded by mesoderm. - Arthropods, Chordates |
| Macro-evolution | Descent with modification. |
| Micro-evolution | Change in allele frequencies in a population over time. |
| Corona Radiata | A bunch of cells surrounding the egg for protection. |
| Mesohyl | Cellular matrix in the body of Porifera between the ECTODERM and ENDODERM |
| Leuconoid Body Plan | Flagellated chambers with a small OSCULUM |
| Osculum | Large opening in which water flows out of a sponge. |
| Monoecious | "One Body" Hermaphroditic; both female and male gametes. |
| Diecious | "Two Body" Heterogenous; separate male and female individuals. |
| Zooxanthelle | Mutualistic photosynthetic algae embedded in the epidermis of coral. Provides nutrients and aids in waste recycling. |
Created by:
TroyJSharpe
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