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Biology 3 Exam 1
Evolution, Development, Radiata
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Allele | Version of a gene. |
Adaptation | Heritable trait that increases fitness via natural selection. |
Darwin's 4 Postulates | 1. Individual variation 2. Some variations are heritable 3. More offspring produced than survive 4. Individuals with traits that confer an advantage are more likely to survive and reproduce |
4 Mechanisms of Evolution | 1. Mutation 2. Genetic Drift 3. Gene Flow 4. Natural Selection |
Mutation | [Mechanism of evolution] - Any change in the heritable material of an organism; production of new alleles. |
Genetic Drift | [Mechanism of Evolution] - Random changes in alleles frequencies in a population due to chance events. |
Gene Flow | [Mechanism of evolution] - Movement of alleles from one population to another. |
Homolgy | Similarity due to shared ancestry. |
Synapomorphies | Shared derived traits that have been modified from the ancestral species. |
Apoptosis | Programmed cell death. |
Gastrulation | Cell movement in the blastula where the cells rearrange themselves into the germ layers. |
Homoplasy | Convergent evolution produces a polyphyletic group in which two organisms that share an environment have developed similar morphologies. |
Parsimony | Least amount of changes portrayed in phylogenic trees. |
Cortical Granules | Vesicles containing digestive enzymes |
Diploblast | 2 germ layers: Ectoderm & Endoderm |
Triploblast | 3 germ layers: Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm |
What does the MESODERM (triploblast) develop into? | - Muscle - Organs - Connective tissue |
What does the ENDODERM (triploblast) develop into? | - Digestive tract |
What does the ECTODERM (triploblast) develop into? | - Skin - Nervous system |
Cephalazation | The evolution of a head, or anterior region, where structures for feeding, sensing the environment, and processing information are concentrated. |
Ganglia | Concentration of neurons. |
Ceolom | Fluid filled cavity lined by the MESODERM and sandwiched between the ECTODERM and ENDODERM. |
Protosome | - Blastopore becomes the mouth - Spiral cleavage - Ceolom developed from mesoderm that expands indepedently of endoderm. - Bilateral symmetry |
Deuterosome | - Blastpore becomes the anus. - Radial Cleavage - Ceolom develops from the mesoderm pinching off from the endoderm. - Bilateral Symmetry (except Echinodermata) |
Clade Parazoa | Synapomorphy: Multicellularity - Porifera - Placazoa |
Clade Radiata | Synapomorphies: Diploblasts, radial symmetry, neurons, primitive muscle cells, tissue development. - Cnidaria - Ctenophora |
Aceolomate | - 2 germ layers. - No ceolom. - Flatworms and ribbon worms. |
Pseudoceolomate | - 2 germ layers. - Pseudoceolom isn't surrounded by mesoderm. - Nematodes |
Ceolomate | - 3 germ layers. - Ceolom surrounded by mesoderm. - Arthropods, Chordates |
Macro-evolution | Descent with modification. |
Micro-evolution | Change in allele frequencies in a population over time. |
Corona Radiata | A bunch of cells surrounding the egg for protection. |
Mesohyl | Cellular matrix in the body of Porifera between the ECTODERM and ENDODERM |
Leuconoid Body Plan | Flagellated chambers with a small OSCULUM |
Osculum | Large opening in which water flows out of a sponge. |
Monoecious | "One Body" Hermaphroditic; both female and male gametes. |
Diecious | "Two Body" Heterogenous; separate male and female individuals. |
Zooxanthelle | Mutualistic photosynthetic algae embedded in the epidermis of coral. Provides nutrients and aids in waste recycling. |