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AP Psych
Chapter 7- Learning
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Classical conditioning | learning through association, a tendency to connect events that occur together in time and space. |
| Ivan Pavlov | Russian Psychologist who discovered conditioning on accident; was just measuring the saliva in dogs. |
| Unconditioned Stimuli (UCS) | A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response. |
| Unconditioned Response (UCR) | The unlearned, naturally occurring response to the UCS. |
| Neutral Stimulus (NS) | An unrelated stimulus that will become the conditioned stimulus. |
| Conditioned Response | The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus. |
| Acquisition | The phase in which the neutral stimulus (NS) is associated with the UCS so that the NS comes to evoke a conditioned response. |
| Extinction | The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs when an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is no longer paired with the CS *Can sometimes be permanent* |
| Spontaneous Recovery | The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period. |
| Generalization | The tendency, once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses. |
| Discrimination | The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that does not signal UCS. |
| Cognitive Processes of Classical conditioning | Humans are also involved in classical conditioning, but it does not work as well because we are intelligent. Thought processes make it harder. |
| Biological predispositions of classical conditioning | An animal's capacity for conditioning is constrained by it's biology. |
| John Garcia studies | Tried to change taste, sight, or sound of water to rats. Worked with taste but not sights or sounds. |
| Operant Conditioning | A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment. |
| Positive reinforcement | Strengthens a behavior by adding a stimulus to the environment after a response. *Adding something you like* |
| Negative reinforcement | Strengthens a behavior by removing an aversion stimuli. *Taking away something that you do not like* |
| Positive Punishment | Decreasing a behavior by adding a stimulus after a response. *Adding something that you don't like* |
| Negative Punishment | Decreasing a behavior by removing a stimulus *Taking away something that you like* |
| Thorndike's Law of Effect | Behavior followed by favorable consequences becomes more likely; behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. |
| Skinner box | A chamber containing a bar that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforcement;devices are attached to record the animal's rate of bar pressing. |
| Shaping | An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of a desired goal. |
| Primary reinforcer | An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. |
| Conditioned (secondary) reinforcer | Conditioned reinforcer, a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with the primary reinforcer. |
| Cognitive map | A mental representation of the layout of one's enviornment. |
| Latent learning | Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. |
| Over-justification effect | The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. |
| Cognitive processes of operant conditioning | Animals on a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule respond more frequently as the time gets closer to the reinforcer. *Expectations* |
| Biological predispositions of operant conditioning | It is easier to reinforce behavior normally associated with their natural behaviors. |
| Continuous reinforcement | Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. |
| Partial reinforcement | Reinforcing a response only part of the time. |
| Fixed-ratio | A schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific number of responses. |
| Variable-ratio | A schedule that reinforces a response only after an unpredictable number of responses. |
| Fixed-interval | A schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. |
| Variable-interval | A schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. |
| Modeling | Learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others. |
| Prosocial behavior | Positive, constructive, and helpful behavior. Most effective when actions and words are consistent. |
| Antisocial behavior | Negative, destructive, and hurtful behavior. |
| Albert Bandura's Bobo doll study | Demostrates the power of observational learning. |
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