Chapter 7- Learning
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| Classical conditioning | learning through association, a tendency to connect events that occur together in time and space.
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| Ivan Pavlov | Russian Psychologist who discovered conditioning on accident; was just measuring the saliva in dogs.
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| Unconditioned Stimuli (UCS) | A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response.
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| Unconditioned Response (UCR) | The unlearned, naturally occurring response to the UCS.
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| Neutral Stimulus (NS) | An unrelated stimulus that will become the conditioned stimulus.
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| Conditioned Response | The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.
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| Acquisition | The phase in which the neutral stimulus (NS) is associated with the UCS so that the NS comes to evoke a conditioned response.
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| Extinction | The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs when an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is no longer paired with the CS *Can sometimes be permanent*
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| Spontaneous Recovery | The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period.
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| Generalization | The tendency, once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses.
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| Discrimination | The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that does not signal UCS.
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| Cognitive Processes of Classical conditioning | Humans are also involved in classical conditioning, but it does not work as well because we are intelligent. Thought processes make it harder.
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| Biological predispositions of classical conditioning | An animal's capacity for conditioning is constrained by it's biology.
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| John Garcia studies | Tried to change taste, sight, or sound of water to rats. Worked with taste but not sights or sounds.
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| Operant Conditioning | A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment.
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| Positive reinforcement | Strengthens a behavior by adding a stimulus to the environment after a response. *Adding something you like*
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| Negative reinforcement | Strengthens a behavior by removing an aversion stimuli. *Taking away something that you do not like*
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| Positive Punishment | Decreasing a behavior by adding a stimulus after a response. *Adding something that you don't like*
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| Negative Punishment | Decreasing a behavior by removing a stimulus *Taking away something that you like*
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| Thorndike's Law of Effect | Behavior followed by favorable consequences becomes more likely; behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.
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| Skinner box | A chamber containing a bar that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforcement;devices are attached to record the animal's rate of bar pressing.
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| Shaping | An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of a desired goal.
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| Primary reinforcer | An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.
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| Conditioned (secondary) reinforcer | Conditioned reinforcer, a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with the primary reinforcer.
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| Cognitive map | A mental representation of the layout of one's enviornment.
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| Latent learning | Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
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| Over-justification effect | The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do.
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| Cognitive processes of operant conditioning | Animals on a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule respond more frequently as the time gets closer to the reinforcer. *Expectations*
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| Biological predispositions of operant conditioning | It is easier to reinforce behavior normally associated with their natural behaviors.
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| Continuous reinforcement | Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.
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| Partial reinforcement | Reinforcing a response only part of the time.
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| Fixed-ratio | A schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific number of responses.
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| Variable-ratio | A schedule that reinforces a response only after an unpredictable number of responses.
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| Fixed-interval | A schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.
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| Variable-interval | A schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.
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| Modeling | Learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others.
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| Prosocial behavior | Positive, constructive, and helpful behavior. Most effective when actions and words are consistent.
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| Antisocial behavior | Negative, destructive, and hurtful behavior.
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| Albert Bandura's Bobo doll study | Demostrates the power of observational learning.
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