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Biology Mid-term
biology mid-term study stack
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| define energy | the ability to do work |
| define potential energy | energy that may occur but is not at the moment |
| define kinetic energy | energy in motion |
| list at least 4 form of energy that are commonly observed | mechanical, heat, atomic and plasma |
| define calorie | amount of heat energy needed to raise one gram of H2O 1.OC |
| what is meant by the chemical term oxidation? | when you lose an electron |
| what is meant by the chemical term reduction | to reduce charge by gaining electrons |
| state the first law of thermodynamics | energy can never be created or destroyed |
| state the second law of thermodynamics | the total entropy of the universe must increase in every spontaneous process |
| define entropy | the amount of disorder in a system |
| define an exergonic reaction | free energy decreases. they are spontaneous |
| define an endergonic reations | free energy increases. |
| define free energy | the energy in a system available to do work |
| explain activation energy in reference to chemical reactions | energy required to initiate a chemcical reaction |
| define and provide an example of a catalyst | lower activation energy, enzymes-co-factors and co-enzymes |
| define enzymes | an enzyme is a biological catalyst |
| explain the function of enzymes in biological reactions | it great increases the speed of a chemical reaction without being consumed |
| list at least 3 factors that may effect the function of enzymes | protein catalysts, mechanisms of action, and factor effecting activity |
| define and explain the function of co-factors | minerals with a charge, makes the shape of the enzyme the way it needs to be in order to work |
| describe the structure of the molecule ATP | this molecule consists of a nitrogen containing compounds called adenine, a 5-carbon sugar called ribose, and three phosphate groups |
| List the six steps of the evolutionary cycle of metabolism | degradation, glycolysis, anaerobic, nitrogen fixation, 02 forming photosynthesis, aerobic respiration |
| Briefly describe the major steps in photosynthesis and indicate which are light-dependent and light independent reactions | the carbon fixation reactions(calvin cycle), It cancels out and then we obtain the simplified overall equation of photosynthesis |
| describe what is meant by photosystem | I and II are the two types of photosynthetic units involved in PS. |
| what is the electromagnetic spectrum | visible light spectrum |
| name the important pigments utilized in the process of photosynthesis | chlorophyll and carotene |
| write the overall reaction of PS | 6CO2+12H20 Light nrg./chlorophyll C6H12O6+602+6H20 |
| describe non-cyclic electron transport | this type of transport has an end product. |
| Define cyclic electron transport and contrast to non-cyclic | this type of transport is a series of events/steps that are constantly repeating. it does not have and end product. |
| Explain the process of chemiosmosis as it relates to the formation of ATP | It helps to create ATP |
| provide a summation formula for the Calvin Cycle indicating the starting components and the final product/s | CO2 enters the cycle, energy is unput, 6 carbon sugar produced, 5 carbon molecules are regenerated |
| define the C4 pathway | nature's way of allowing plants to live in certain climates |
| describe the adaptive advantage of CAM plants | similar to C4 pathway if fixes carbon at night in the mesophyll |
| what is PEP carboxylase? | an enzyme that catalyzes the carboxyl |
| what is rubisco? | a protein, an enzyme, and starts the Calvin Cycle |
| indicate the factors that may affect photosynthesis | heat intensity, climate, the plant's adaption to the climate |
| where does the energy in food originally come from? | the sun |
| what is one of the principle compounds that living things use to store energy? | ATP |
| how is ATP different for ADP? | ATP has 3 phosphate groups and ADP only has 2 |
| when is the energy stored in ATP released? | when ATP has one extra phosphate group |
| name 2 ways in which the cell uses the energy provided by ATP | carbon fixation and chemiosmosis |
| why is it more efficient for the cells to only keep a small supply of ATP available? | they are better storage for shipping |
| summate the process of photosynthesis in 25 words or less | energy is absorbed then converts many substances, and the substances are then used properly by the plants |
| who is John Jan Van Helmont? and what is his contribution? | he is a Belgium physician who devised an experiment to find out if plants grew by taking material out of the soil |
| what was the essence of Priestley's experiment? | he performed an experiment that would give another insight into the process of photosynthesis |
| photosynthesis uses the energy from sunlight to convert what into what........? | to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high energy carbohydrates-sugars and starches |
| how do the plants gather the energy from the sun? | they absorb the energy using their pigments |
| what is the principle and secondary plant pigment? | chlorophyll and carotene |
| chlorophyll best absorbs the light in which parts of the electromagnet spectrum? | in the blue and red regions of the spectrum |
| the sac-like photosynthetic membranes in a chloroplast are called.......? | thylakoids |
| define a granum | stacks of thylakoids located inside of a chloroplast |
| the region outside the thylakoid membrane is called? | the stroma |
| Name the 2 stages of pjotosynthesis | Light reaction and dark reaction |
| Define a carrier molecule and state its function | a carrier molecule transports carbons and other substances from one place in the plant to another |
| What is NADPH and what is its function? | NADPH is used in anabolic reactions |
| Where do the light dependent reactions take place in the plant? | Thylakoid membrane |
| How does ATP synthase produce ATP? | It synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate by using by using some form of energy |
| What does the Calvin Cycle use to produce high energy sugars? | ATP |
| why are the reactions of the Calvin Cycle termed Light Independent? | they do not require light or are not based on the giving of light |
| where does the Calvin Cycle obtain the carbon to form the 6 carbon sugar? | from the 5 carbon compound and carboxylase |
| does the intensity of light affect the rate photosynthesis? | the intensity of light will speed up the process of PS |
| what is the role of NADP+ as an energy carrier in photosynthesis? | it is used in the last step of the electron change of the light reactions of photosynthesis |
| how do light reactions interact with the dark reactions? | the substances made from the light reactions are then used in the dark reactions |
| which of the photosynthetic reactions take place in the stroma and which take place in the thylakoids? | the light reactions take place in the thylakoids and dark reactions in the stroma. |
| define a C3 plant and a C4 plant and give an example of each. | a C4 plant is drawn out of malate and into the reaction rather than through the air. a C3 plant converts CO2 and RUBP into 3 phosphoglycerate |
| which substances accumulate within the thylakoid space of chloroplasts during the light dependent reactions? | chlorophyll |
| define enthalpy | a quotient of description of thermodynamic potential of a system |
| describe the difference and anatomy of C3 and a C4 leaf | a C3 has less carbon and is made differently |
| define and give an example of a co-enzyme | a small organic non-protein molecule that carries chemical groups between enzymes. |
| name the location in the leaf of a C4 pathway | near the mesophyll |
| name the location in the leaf for the CAM pathway and contrast this to the C3 pathway | the CAM pathway is near the enzyme RUBISCO and C3 is near/in the mesozoic and paleozoic areas. |
Created by:
raulm
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