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Attribution Theory
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AP Psych
Chapter 16- Social Psychology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Attribution Theory | Suggests how we explain someone's behavior |
| Fundamental Attribution Error | For negative events we attribute others' behavior to their disposition, but our behavior to the situation |
| Foot-in-the-door | Involves getting a person to agree to a large request by first setting them p by first having that person agree to a modest request. |
| Door-in-the-face | Involves first making an extremely large request that the respondent will obviously turn down followed by making a second, more reasonable request. |
| Low Ball | Involves first gaining closure and commitment you want the person to accept and then changing to make it more appealing for you. |
| Ingratiation | Involves getting someone to like you in order to obtain compliance with a request. |
| Value | A principle, standard , or quality considered worth while or desirable. |
| Attitude | A belief or feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to something. |
| Cognitive dissonance | Occurs when a person holds two or more attitudes that contradict one another |
| Role playing | Activity in which a person imitates, consciously or unconsciously, a role uncharacteristic of himself. |
| Peripheral route to persuasion | Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues such as a speaker's attractiveness. |
| Central route to persuasion | Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts. |
| Social norms | An unwritten but understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. |
| Conformity | adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. |
| Solomon Asch's conformity study | Most people will give into mob mentality if there are 3 or more people |
| Normative social influence | Resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disappointment. |
| Informative social influence | Resulting from one's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality. |
| Obedience | Occurs when you change your opinions, judgements, or actions because someone in a position of authority told you to do so. |
| Stanley Milgram's Study of Obedience (shock) | 2/3 of all participants would shock a learner to death if told to do so |
| Passionate love | An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. |
| Companionate love | The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined. |
| Equity | A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give |
| Self-disclosure | Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others |
| Stereotype | A widely held but fixed and over simplified belief of a particular type of person or thing. |
| Prejudice | Preconceived attitude that is not based on reason or actual experience to categories of people based on prejudice. |
| Discrimination | An action that denies social participation or human rights to categories of people based on prejudice. |
| Ingroup bias | Refers to favoring members of one's in group over out group members. |
| Scapegoat theory | Singling out any party for unmerited negative treatment or blame |
| Just-world phenomenon | Idea that all of a person's noble actions will be rewarded and all of the evil actions punished. |
| Agression | Hostile or violent behavior or attitudes toward another |
| Genetic influences | Animals have been bred aggression or study. |
| Neural influences | The limbic system (amygdala) and frontal lobe are intimately involved withe aggression. |
| Biochemical influences | Testosterone has been shown to increase aggreassion |
| Psychological influences( Frustration-aggression hypothesis) | Principle in which frustration (caused by the blocking of an attempt to achieve a desired goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression. |
| Altruism | An unselfish regard for the welfare of others. |
| Social exchange theory | Our aim is to maximize benefits and minimize costs |
| Social responsibility norm | Tells us to help people when they need us even though they may not repay us. |
| Reciprocity norm | Expectation that we should return help and not harm those who have helped us. |
| Bystander effect | Phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present, the less likely people are to help a person in distress. |
| Attraction | Proximity, similarity, physical attraction, mere exposure effect. |
| Proximity | Powerful predictor of friendship, repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction. |
| Similarity | Similar views among individuals causes the bond of attraction. |
| Physical attraction | PEOPLE ARE PRETTY!!!!!!!! |
| Mere exposure effect | People tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them. |
| Social facilitation | When an individuals skill performance gets better in the presence of others. |
| Social inhibition | When an individual's skill performance gets worse in the presence of others. |
| Social loafing | The reduced effort of each member in a group. The larger the group, the less effort each person puts forth. |
| Groupthink | When desire for harmony in decision-making overrides a realistic solution to the problem. |
| Deindividuation | The loss of self awareness and self restraint in group situations. Brings about feelings of excitement and anonymity. "Mob Mentality" |
| Group Polarization | The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. |
| Conflict | A serious disagreement or argument typically a protracted one. |
| Ingroup | A social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a member. |
| Outgroup | A social group to whig an individual does not identify. |
| Mirror-image perceptions | Behavior in which one person so pies another person usually while in social interaction with them. |
| Superordinate goals | Where two or more people or groups must be involved to achieve a specific goal. |
| Social trap | A situation in which a group of people act to abstain short term individual gains, which in the long run leads to a loss for the group as a whole. |
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