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U4 Science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| machine | a technological device that helps to do work more easily |
| lever | A simple machine with a fulcrum that allows heavier objects to be lifted more easily |
| Inclined plane | A simple machine with a slanted plane |
| Wedge | A simple machine with a series of inclined planes about a circular shaft |
| Wheel and axle | A simple machine consisting of a round object connected to a smaller shaft that turns |
| Aqueduct | A simple machine developed by the Romans to transport water far distances to supply major cities |
| Archimedes Screw | A simple machine with a large screw inside a tube used to move large quantities of water |
| What makes a simple machine, simple | They are extremely basic in design, and they can be used too form parts for complex machines |
| What are the 6 basic simple machines | Levers, inclined planes, wedges, screws, pullies, and wheel and axels |
| Effort force | the amount of effort you have to exert to move something |
| Why do you feel as though using a simple machine to move something makes the task easier | Because most simple machines make it so than you have to move the object a farther distance, but also makes it so than you do not have to put in as much effort to move it that distance compared to not using a simple machine at all |
| The law of gears | -The gear that gets power is called the driving gear -The other gear is called the driven gear -A large driving gear means motion will speed up and vice versa |
| What are complex machines made up of | Simple machines |
| Transmission | It shifts the gears back and forth so that the size of the gears touching one another changes so that the speed or motion of the gears is also changed |
| Linkage | A chain that joins the teeth on the front sprocket to the sprocket on the back wheel. |
| When work is made easier when you use a machine, it is known as a | Mechanical advantage |
| Input force | When you put in a small amount of effort to use a machine |
| Output force | The large amount of energy a machine exerts when you put in an amount of input force |
| The formula to calculate a mechanical advantage | MA = output force/input force |
| Speed Ratio | The distance needed for a machine to work |
| The formula to calculate a mechanical advantage | SR = input distance/output distance |
| Machines are not perfect because of | friction |
| Efficiency | How well a machine uses the input energy put into it |
| Work | The result of force acting over a distance |
| A formula for calculating work | Work = Force x Distance |
| work is measured in what unit of measurement | Joules |
| Force is measured in what unit of measurement | Newtons |
| Distance is measured in what unit of measurement | Meters |
| All machines use some form of | Energy |
| Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, thus meaning that the amount of energy put into a machine is | the same as the energy that comes out, except for that lost by heat from friction |
| hydraulic system | part of a machine that uses a fluid to control things |
| pressure | force per unit area |
| Pascal's Law | states that the pressure in a fluid is transferred equally throughout the fluid |
| piston | moving part of a hydraulic system that puts the pressure on the fluid inside |
| input pressure | pressure that is applied to a hydraulic system on a master cylinder |
| output pressure | the pressure that comes out of a hydraulic system from a slave cylinder |
| fluid | liquid substance |
| surface area | area on the outside of a substance |
| something that is not compressible | incompressible |
| why does pressure happen to a fluid in a container | pressure occurs because the particles of the fluid is trapped by the walls of the container |
| what things can you do to a container containing a fluid to increase the pressure being put on the fluid | smaller container, heated container, shake the container, increase the amount of particles inside the container |
| psi | pressure |
| Pascal's Law | pressure spreads out in all directions |
| how to calculate pressure | pressure = force/area |
| An example of how to calculate pressure | pressure = 1000/250cm2 |
| why does the output force of a slave cylinder become greater than the input force on a master cylinder | pressure from the piston in the master cylinder being pushed downward is transferred throughout the hydraulic fluid to the bottom of the piston in the salve cylinder. This piston has a greater surface area, thus the force is magnified. |
| What is the purpose of the high-pressure hydraulic lines in large hydraulic machines? | the pressure lines transfer the force caused by the input piston to the output piston that is mounted elsewhere in the machine. |
| when pressure is increased on an input piston, does the liquid compress? | No. |
| mechanical devices are evaluated because | manufacturers want to know how to improve them |
| efficiency described | qualitivity |
| function | what a device is supposed to do |
| design | the physical form of the device that makes it usable |
| Formula for calculating efficiency | Efficiency = work done by machine/work done to make machine operate |
| The earliest machines were | Simple devices to make simple tasks easier, like moving a large rock, or moving a load up an incline |
| What did the earliest machines depend on as a source of energy | People and animals |
| What are three devices used to get water in earlier times | The Sakia, the Roman Aqueduct, and the Archimedes screw |
| Who developed the first practical steam engine | Thomas Savery |
| When was the first practical steam engine made | 1699 |
| How did the first practical steam engine work | Water was heated to make steam and then used it to move a piston. When the piston moved, it caused an attached rod to move as well. |
| When was the internal combustion engine developed | 1876 |
| Where was the internal combustion engine developed | Germany |
| How does the internal combustion engine work | The combustion occurs inside the engine. The pistons went through 4 steps: intake stroke, compression stroke, power stroke, and exhaust stroke. The crank shaft changes the up-down motion of the pistons to rotary motion, which turns the vehicle's wheels. |
| Where does the word "Robot" come from and what does it mean | The Czech word "Robotnik", which means workers or slaves |
| What do robots mainly do | Weld car bodies, defuse bombs, preform surgery, help the handicapped, explore other planets, and other things that may be harmful to a human. |
| ___ ___ first identified electric charges in the ____s, but it wasn't until the ____s that it became widely available in cities. | Charles Coulomb, 1700s, 1800s |
| When did electric charges become widely available outside of Canada | 1940s |
| How does the MAGLEV train work | They float on magnets, making it so there's very little friction, letting them travel at 350km/h |
| Particle accelerator | A huge machine that breaks up atoms |
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