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AP Test4
Chapter 25
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| total body water | body water content |
| body water content is a function of | age, body mass, sex and body fat |
| Body water is appx in infants? | 73% |
| Body water is appx in elderly | 45% |
| A healthy young adult male has apprx ___% body water, and a healthy women ____%. | 60%, 50% |
| Which tissue is least hydrated | adipose tissue (20% of water) and skeletal tissue (75% water) |
| Two fluid compartments within body | ICF and ECF (Intracellular fluid and Extracellular fluid) |
| Intracellular fluid | 2/3 volume, "compartments in the cell". for 154 lb adult male 40% volume |
| Extracellular fluid | outside of cells, 1/3 volume (plasma--fluid in blood 20%, and interstital fluid in microscopic spaces between tissue cells 80%) |
| Body fulids are composed of this________--which contain covalent bonds that prevent them from dissociating in solution; and ____________ which are chemical compounds that dissociate into ions in water. | non-electrolytes and electrolytes |
| 4 Examples of non electrolytes | glucose, lipids, creatine, and urea |
| 4 Examples of electrolytes | inorganic salts, inorganic and organic acids and bases, and proteins |
| _______________ have a greater osmotic pressure than ________________ because each electrolye molecule dissociatesinto at least 2 ions. | electrolytes and non-electrolytes |
| electrolytes have the greatest ability to cause | fluid shifts |
| Electrolyte concentrations are expressed in... | mEq/L -- a measure of the number of electrical charges in 1 L of solution |
| The concentration of any ion in solution can be determined by using what formula? | mEq/L= ion conc (mg/L)/atomic weight of ion (mg/mmol) X # of electrical charges on one ion |
| Sodium | 143 mEq/L (potassium will be roughly equal) |
| Calcium | 5mEq/L |
| The major cation in the ECF is _______ and the major anion in the ECF is ______. | Na+ and Cl- |
| The most abundant cation in the ICF is ______ and the major anion in hte ICF is _________. | K+; HPO4 -2 (hydrogen phosphate) |
| Exchaning and mixing of body fluids among the the compartments are regulated by ______ and _____ pressures. Exchange between plasma and IF occurs across ______________. Exchange between IF and ICF occurs across the ____________. | osmotic, hydrostatic, capillary membranes, plasma membranes. |
| For us to remain adequately hydrated, __________ must equal ____________. | water intake, water output |
| Normal water intake is appx _________ jl/day in adults | 2500 |
| Body water produced by cellular metabolism is called ___________ or ___________. | metabolic water or water of oxidation |
| 3 types of water output | insensible water loss, perspiration, feces and sensible |
| A rise if plasma osmolality (amount of solute) triggers _______________ and/or the release of ADH. | thirst |
| The driving force for water intake. An increase in plasma osmolality of 2-3% excites the___________________. | thirst mechanism. hypothalamic thirst center |
| The hypothalamic thirst center neurons are stimulated by _______ losing water. | osmoreceptors |
| The thirst mechanism is dampened by | oral mucosa being hydrated |
| Includes insensible water loss, water loss from food residues in feces, and sensible water loss in urine | Obligatory water loss |
| The solute concentration and volume depends on_______, _______, and ___________________. | intake, diet and water loss via other avenues (sweating, bleeding) |
| Influence of ADH on water output. | ADH loss--water is not reabsorbed in collecting ducts and diluted urine passes.ADH increase-nearly all filtrated water is reabsorbed and volume of concentrated urine is excreted. LOW ECF osmoality inhibits ADH. |
| Three water inbalances | dehydration, hypotonic hydration, and edema |
| Dehydration: | water output exceeds intake over a period of time; negative fluid balance |
| Hypotonic Hydration: | ECF get diluted, overhydration of cells |
| Edema: | atypical accumulation of fluids in the IF, tissue swelling (CHF and lymphatic issues) |
| Refers to the salt balance in the body. | electrolyte balance |
| Salts control __________ movement, and provide...... | fluid movement, minerals essential for excitability, secretary activity and membrane permeability. |
| Salts enter the body from | foods and fluid and generated from metabolic activity. |
| Salt are lost from | perspiration, feces and urine |
| Sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride are ______% of all solutes in the ECF. | 90-95 |
| Normal plasma concentration of sodium | 142 mEq/L ** Most abundant cation in the EDF and the only one exerting significatn osmotic pressures. |
| A change in plasma sodium levels affects: | BV, BP, ICF, and IF volumes |
| Describe the influence of adlosterone on sodium balance. | Has the most to say, and when there is an increase, all remaining filtered Na+ is actively reabsorbed and promotes both sodium and water retention. |
| Describe the influence of cardiovascular baroreceptors on sodium balance. | stephanie....finish this one up. It has to do with influencing K+ and filtrate. |
| Describe the influcnce of ANP on sodium balance. | It reduces BP and BV by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and Na+ and water retention. It also has a potent diaretic effect. |
| Describe the effcts of the female sex hormones on sodium balance. | glucocortisoles--enchance sodium retention. Estrogens enhance NaCl reabsorption by the rneal tubules. Also dcauses edema during pregnancy. Progesterone decreases ssodium and has a diaretic effect. |
| Major cation in ICF? | K+ |
| results from too much potassium in the ECF, disrupting cardiac conduction | hyperkalemia |
| resutls from too little potassium in the ECF disrupting cardiac conduction | hypokalemia |
| potassium balance is regulated by the | collecting ducts |
| filtered potassium reabsorbs in the proximal convoluted tubules | 60-80% |
| filtered potassium reabsorbtion the loops of Henle | 10% |
| potassium is lost in urine | 10% |
| Renal principal cells which regulate potassium secretation in the cortical collecting tubules are called.... | intercalated cells (type A) |
| Describe the influence of plasma potassium on the potassium balance. | Rich K+ diet: promotes secretion K into filtrate. Poor K+ diet: depresses K secration by collecting ducts. |
| Describe the influence of aldosterone on potassium balance | 2nd factor influencing K+ secretion into filtrate. |
| 99% of body calcium exists as | calcium phosphate salts in bones |
| Ionic calcium in ECF is important for: | normal blood clotting, cell membrane permeability secretary behavior, and neuromuscular activity |
| Hypocalcemia | increases excitability resulting in muscle tetany--abnormally low amounts of calcium in the blood |
| Hypercalcemia | inhibits neurons and muscle cells resulting in cardiac arrhythmias--an excess of calcium in the Blood. |
| Under normal conditions, __% of filtered calcium is reabsorbed due to PTH or ... | 98%, parathyroid hormone. |
| Describe what happens in bones when plasma levels of calcium fall. | PTH activates oseoclasts which break down bone matrix, release of Ca2+ and Hpo42 to the blood. |
| Describe what happens in small intestines when plasma levels of calcium fall. | enhances absorption of Ca2+ indirectlyu by stimulating the kidneys to transform vitamin D to active form, necessary for Ca2+_ absorption in small intestine |
| Describe what happens in kidneys when plasma levels of calcium fall. | PTH increases CA2+ absorption in rental tubes and lowers phosphate absorption; prevents calcium salts deposits in bones or soft body tissues |
| How the body reguations anions. | anion--negative charged. chloride follows sodium out of filtrate or into capillary blood through coupled transport. |
| All functions of the body are influenced by_____ due to hydrogen bonds. All biochemical reactions are influenced by __________. | H+ concentration; pH of fluid movement |
| Normal pH of arterial blood | 7.4 |
| Normal pH of venous blood | 7.35 |
| Normal pH of ICF | 7.0 |
| Increased pH of parterial blood (above 7.45) | alkalosis/alkalemia |
| Decreased pH of parterial blood (below 7.35) | acidosis/acidemia |
| Any arterial pH between 7.0 and 7.35 is called.. | physiological acidosis |
| 5 metabolic by-products or end porducts from which hydrogen ions originate | breadown of phosphorus, anaerobic respiration, fat metabolism, loading and transport of CO2, and acid in stomach |
| Ways hydrogen concentration inbood is regulated (sequentially) | chemical buffers, brain stem respiratory centers, and renal mechanisms |
| Systems of one or more compunds that act to resist changes in pH when a strong acid or base is added | Chemical Buffer |
| Acids | proton donors |
| Strong Acids | dissociate completely in water and dramatically change the pH of a solution |
| Weak Acids | partially dissociate thereby preventing pH changes |
| Bases | proton acceptors |
| Strong bases | dissociate easily and quickly tie up hydrogen |
| Weak bases | are slow to accept protons |
| Describe the bicarbonate buffer system | Mixture of carbonic acid and its salt, sodium and bicarbonate in the same solution. If a strong acid..need a weak base. If a strong base...need a weak acid. |
| Phosphate buffer system | very similiar to bicarbonate buffer system, it is most effective in urine and ICF. |
| Protein buffer system | Amino groups (carboxyl groups) which dissociate to release H+ when pH rises. Amine groups act like bases and accept H+. This prevents solutions from becoming too acidic. |
| Respiratory acidosis | decreased ventiliation to increase CO2 and lower pH (most common) |
| Respiratory alkalosis | hyperventilation, CO2 accumulates |
| Metabolic acidosis | low blood pH and HCO levels, too much alcohol or excessive diahhrea (2nd most common situation) |
| Metabolic alkalosis | increase blood pH and HCO3-, less common (vomiting and too many antacids) |
| Effects of acidosis | if pH falls below 7.0, coma or death |
| Effects of alkalosis | if pH rises above 7.8, nervous system overexcites, muscle tetany, extreme nervousness, convulsions, or even death. |
Created by:
JulianeSn
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