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Biology Final

Biology EOCT Semester #1

QuestionAnswer
What is Binary Fission? The simplest form of asexual reproduction performed by Bacteria; it is simply regular mitosis.
What is Non-disjunction? The failure of chromosomes to separate and segregate into daughter cells at division.
White bunnies are a common sight on farms and in pet stores. Why are these domestic white rabbits uncommon in the wild? Domestic white rabbits are the result of selective breeding and are rarely found in the wild.
What does Phenotype mean? Physical or observable characteristics.
In order for a population to survive, sexual reproduction must produce what? More offspring than can survive and reproduce.
How many pairs of chromosomes does a human being have? 23.
Movable DNA segments are referred to as what? Transposons or Jumping Genes.
What is Multiple Allelism? When more than two possible alleles exist for expression of blood type in humans.
During this process, the nucleus of a cell divides to form two nuclei that are identical to the original cell. Mitosis
What is Homologous chromosomes? A pair of matching chromosomes in an organism, with one being inherited from each parent.
What is Crossing-Over? The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis and contributes to genetic variability.
When does Crossing-Over occur? During synapsis while meiosis I is taking place.
What is Synapsis? The pairing of homologous chromosomes, one from each parent, during early meiosis.
What is Gene therapy? It involves replacement of defective genes with normal genes, especially in humans.
Which organelle is found in paramecia cells, but NOT plant cells? The contractile vacuole.
Avolutionary history, the first animals to successfully invade land from the sea were ___________________??? Arthropods.
What is the biggest difference between Angiosperms & Gymnosperms. Angiosperms bear fruit and gymnosperms do not.
What are Invertebrates? Animal that does not have a Backbone.
What are Arthropods? Animals with a hard outer skeleton and jointed limbs.
What is an important component of ATP that is needed to transfer and release energy directly? Phosphate.
What molecule is known as the universal energy source of the cell? ATP.
Which pair of body systems provide the raw materials that cells need for energy? Respiratory-Digestive.
What substance is oxidized in cellular respiration? Sugar.
Alf lifts weights vigorously for 25 minutes. A few hours after exercise, he notices that his muscles are sore and slightly swollen. anaerobic respiration; lactate
Which type of RNA carries a genetic code from DNA to the ribosome? mRNA
What is Endocytosis? A form of active transport across the cell membrane that allows large quantities of food to enter the cell at once.
Bacteria communicate and exchange genetic information through extensions of their cell walls called what? Pili
The sequence of ________________ in a DNA molecule determines the protein that will be produced. Nucleotides
What can be used by cells to store energy, form biological membranes, and serve as chemical messengers. Lipids
What is a Hypotonic Solution? Any solution with a lower salt concentration than normal body cells so that water flows into the cells by osmosis.
What is a Hypertonic Solution? Any solution with a higher salt concentration than normal body cells so that the water is drawn out of the cells by osmosis.
What does a Hypotonic Solution cause? Swelling.
What would we expect muscle cells to have a lot of? Mitochondria.
What makes amino Acids different from the other Macromolecules? Amino acids are the only one of the four that have nitrogen, but also lack phosphorus.
What does an Inhibitor do? It sticks in the active site of enzymes and prevent the enzyme from grabbing the substrate.
What is Trisomy? A nondisjunction of chromosome 21 during meiosis, causing Down Syndrome.
What is the purpose of DNA polymerase? It produces a complementary copy of a strand of DNA.
Bacteria communicate and exchange genetic information through extensions of their cell walls called what? Pili.
What are vesicles and where are they found? They are small vacuoles & are found in both plant & animal cells.
What type of solution is Freshwater? A Hypotonic solution.
What is Turgor pressure? The force plant cells exert against their cell walls.
What biological process involves the maintenance of a constant internal environment? Homeostasis.
What does Lyse mean? To break open.
Place the components in order, from smallest to largest: Chromosome, DNA nucleotide, Codon, Gene. DNA nucleotide, codon, gene, chromosome.
What is Simple diffusion? The process by which some atoms and molecules move directly across the cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Which process describes the ATP-requiring movement of extremely large substances out of a cell in pockets called vesicles? Exocytosis
From what is Glucose produced? From water and carbon dioxide during photosynthesis.
What can be used to find the age of organic material found in fossils? Carbon-14.
__________ are a large and varied groups of molecules that are usually not soluble in water. Lipids.
Large molecules, like glucose, enter cells by what? Diffusion through protein channels in the cell membrane.
Which element IS found in proteins, but NOT found in carbohydrates? Nitrogen.
During _____________, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. Translation.
How do scientists produce new genetic variations not found in nature? By causing mutations with chemicals or radiation.
In the typical cell cycle, DNA synthesis occurs in the _________ phase. S Phase.
In the structure of DNA, which nucleotide always pairs with adenine? Thymine.
What is the purpose of DNA polymerase? It produces a complementary copy of a strand of DNA.
Gene splicing is used to produce what? Insulin.
What does Haploid Mean? Single;One.
Diploid means what? Two;double.
Meiosis makes four what? Haploid Cells.
Spermatogenesis produces __________________ from one original cell. 4 haploid cells.
Is Table salt a Compound? Why? Yes, because it's composed of more than one element; particularly Sodium & Chlorine.
Why do atoms of elements combine and What holds them together? To become more stable; different types of bonds.
What are Ions? A group of atoms that has lost or gained electrons.
What are Molecules? A group of Atoms held together by Covalent Bonds.
A compound that produces Hydrogen Ions in a solution is what? A Base.
In polymerization, complex molecules are formed by the joining together of what? Monomers.
Proteins are polymers formed from what? Amino Acids.
What is a Single covalent bond? When atoms share 2 electrons.
What is a Double Covalent bond? When atoms share 4 electrons.
What is a Triple Covalent Bond? When atoms share 6 electrons.
What is Cohesion? The attraction between molecules of the same substance.
What is Adhesion? The attractions of different substances.
What kinds of Ions do Acids produce? H+.
What kind of Ions do Bases produce? OH-.
What are the 3 major roles of Proteins? 1. To control the rate of reaction & regulate cell processes. 2. To form bones & muscles. 3. To transport substances into or out of cells or fight diseases.
Describe the parts of a Nucleotide. A 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a Nitrogen base.
Describe 2 types of energy changes that can occur in a chemical reaction. Some chemical reactions release energy, others absorb energy.
What are examples of Carbohydrates? Breads, Pasta, & Starches.
What are examples of Proteins? Meats-Enzymes, Poultry, Fish, & Peanut Butter.
What are examples of Lipids? Fats & oils,Butter, Cooking Oil, Waxes, & Steroids. 2 types of fat: Saturated & Unsaturated.
What are examples of Nucleic Acids? DNA & RNA.
What are Macromolecules? Giant Molecules.
What does Saccharide mean? Sugar.
What are the 6 most essential elements of life? Sulfur, Phosphate, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, & Hydrogen.
What is a cell? The basic unit of structure & support in all living things.
Who designed one of the first Microscopes? Robert Hook.
What did Anton Van Leeuwenhoek observe? "Animal Cules" in pond water.
What did Anton Van Leeuwenhoek discover? Animal Cules, Bacteria, Teeth Scrapings, & Blood.
What did Theodor Schwann conclude? That all animals are made up of cells.
What did Matthias Schleiden observe? That all living plants are made of cells.
What does the Cell Theory state? 1. That all living things are made from cells. 2. All cells come from other cells. 3. Cells are the basic unit in living things.
What are the 2 types of cells? Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic.
Prokaryotic cells have no what? Nucleus or Organelles surrounded by a membrane.
What are examples of Prokaryotic cells? ALL Bacteria.
Where is the DNA in a Eukaryotic cell? In the Nucleus.
What are examples of Eukaryotic cells? Amoeba, Plants, Animals, & Fungus.
What 3 types of Microscopes can be used to study cells? Compound Light Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM), & Transmission Electron Microscope(TEM).
What are tissues? A group of specialized cells working together to perform a specific function.
What are organs? A group of tissues working together to perform a specific function.
What are the 4 phases of the Cell Life Cycle? G1(gap 1), S(synthesis), G2(gap 2), and M(mitosis).
What are the 2 types of transport? Active & Facilitated(passive)
In Facilitated Diffusion, Energy is... NOT required to move substances across the membrane.
What are two ways that large molecules can get through the membrane? Endocytosis & Exocytosis.
Where does Glucose go when produced? The Mitochondria.
The range or area occupied by a population is called what? Geographic distribution.
Created by: Bryan.Klein
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