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Biology Ch. 10 & 14
Genetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why did Mendel choose to use peas in his genetic experiments? | easy to grow in small area, produce lots of offspring, produce pure plants when they self-pollinate, many traits known |
| For several generations of peas, Mendel produced ... | pure strains through self-pollination |
| What is pure? | Alleles are the same for each trait |
| What type of experiment did mendel conduct? | controlled |
| How did mendel control the pollination of the pea plants | He removed the stamens |
| What did Mendel do after he removed the stamens | He hand-pollinated the flowers using a paintbrush to cross different straits |
| After Mendel pollinated the flowers how did he analyze the results? | He traced the traits through several generations. |
| P generation | original parents |
| F1 generation | 1st generation offspring from P generation. (1st filial generation) |
| F2 generation | the 2nd generation offspring from f1 generation. (2nd filial generation) |
| What are mendel's three laws | law of dominance, law of segregation, and law of independent assortment |
| What is the law of dominance | If you cross homozygous parents only one form of the trait will appear in the f1 generation. |
| The dominant trait will always ____ | show up. |
| Heterozygous pairs only express the _______ trait | dominant |
| dominant allele | code for dominant trait |
| recessive allele | code for recessive trait |
| dominant trait | appears in offspring |
| recessive trait | hidden trait |
| Seed shape alleles | round(R), wrinkled(r) |
| Seed color alleles | yellow(Y), green(y) |
| Pod shape | smooth(S) , wrinkled(s) |
| Pod color | green(G) or yellow(g) |
| seed coat color | gray-G or white-g |
| Flower position | axial (a) or terminal (a) |
| plant height | tall(t) or short(t) |
| flower color | purple(P) or white(p) |
| genotype | allele set or pair |
| homozygous | same allele |
| heterozygous | different allele |
| Is Tt hetereozygous or homozygous | heterozygous |
| phenotype | physical characteristics |
| How did mendel prevent the pea plants from self-pollinating? | he took out the stamen |
| Define phenotype. | appearance of trait |
| Use the letter b to write the genotype of a homozygous recessive individual and a heterozygous individual | bb and Bb |
| If a pea plant possesses the following genotype of Tt, what type of height will it have | it will be tall |
| Summarize Mendedl's law of segregation | during the formation of gametes, the two allele for trait separate from each other |
| What does each gamete carry? | a single copy of each gene |
| What are recombined at fertilization | alleles |
| Where do the alleles that are recombined at fertilization come from? | one from each parent, that produce the genotype for the traits of the offspring |
| Because a short plant reappeared in the F2 generation, what did Mendel find out? | The allele for shortness had not disappeared, but the F1 generation carried it. |
| What proved mendel's law of segregation? | the F1 cross |
| What are used to predict genetic cross outcomes? | punnett squares |
| What do punnett squares give? | a mathematical percentage for the offspring of a genetic cross/probability |
| What is the only way to receive a recessive trait? | if both parents carry the trait |
| What are responsible for all heritable characteristics? | inheritable factors or genes |
| A phenotype is based on what? | a genotype |
| What is each trait based on? | two alleles (1 from mom & 1 from dad) |
| True-breeding means what? | homozygous (both alleles are the same) |
| The elegance of Mendel's experiments was partly due to what? | consistency between his observations and hypothesis |
| What are human males' sex chromosomes | heterogametic(XY) |
| Human females sex chromosomes are? | homogametic |
| During fertilization, what is the probability that a female will result? | 50% |
| What do chromosomes carry? | genes |
| Where are genes located? | on autosomes and sex chromosomes |
| autosomes are? | body traits |
| sex chromosomes are? | sex traits |
| however, certain genes present in the sex chromosomes ... | control the body traits |
| The characteristics that are controlled by the genes that control the body traits are called ... | sex-linked traits |
| The transmission of sex-linked traits from one generation to the next is called what? | sex-linked inheritance |
| Where are certain sex-linked genes located? | on the X |
| The genes that are only located on the X are called | x-linked genes |
| The mode of ingeritance for x-linked genes is called what? | x-linked inheritance |
| -x-linked recessive traits affect _____ more than____ | males more than females |
| ARe female offspring of an affected male affected? | no |
| What is the exception to the x-linked recessive rule | when an affected male mates with a female carrier and produes an affected feale offspring |
| The x-linked dominant rule is what | affected male produces all affected female offspring and no affected male offspring |
| Approximately half the offspring of an affected female is ____ | affected regardless of their sex |
| The line between a male and female on a pedigree indicate what?? | sexual union |
| What do the circles and squares beneath the line on a pdigree mean? | offspring |
| What is Mendel's law of independent assortment | alleles for different traits are distrubted to gametes independently of one another |
| How can Mendel's law of independent assortment be illustrated? | using dihybrid crosses |
| What is a dihybrid cross | two trait crosses of hybrid (TtYy x TtYy) |
| In a dihybrid cross each parent can produce what? | 4 types of gametes |
| What type of cross did mendel use to show the law of dominance? | p generation cross where all plants came out tall |
| What did mendel use to illustrate the law of segregation | F1 hyubrid cross Tt x Tt where 75% are tall and 25% are short |
| What did mendel use to illustrate the law of independent assortment? | dihybrid crosses 9:3:3:1 |
| The offspring from corssing tru-bred parents with different traits are called what? | hybrid |
| All of the F1 plants of Mende's peas were tall Why | the law of dominace |
| What are the building blocks of RNA and DNA | nucleotides |
| How many different allele combinations would be found in the gametes of RrYy | 2-RY and rY |
| What happens to alleles during segregation? | they separate from each other |
| Whe performing the scientific method, logical inferences, prior knowledge an imaginative guessea re all used to create what? | hypothesis |
| a well tested explanation tha unifies a broad range of observations in called what? | theory |
| Sex-linked genes are located on which sex chromosome? | x |
| Organisms with two identical alleles are called what? | homozygous |
| What is the probablitity of a male child during fertilization | 50% |
| If you cross two heterozygous parents what is the expected genotypic ration of the offspring | 1:2:1 |
| What word represents the physical appearance? | phenotype |
| what is the diffusion of water called? | osmosis |
| Which typ of cell containes a nucleus | eukaryotic |
| normal wings are dominant to curved. Two normal winged flies mate but 1/4 of their offspring have curved wings. What are the pare's genotypes | heterozygous for both |
| Given the following genotype, AABb, identify the possible gamete combination | AB, Ab, Ab, AB |
| What is the sex chromosome combination of a female? | XX |
| ??hungtington's disease is caused by a dominant allele. Will an individual with the genotype of hh have huntington's disease? | no, cuuased by dominant |
| In Mendel's pea plant, what is the phenotype of individuals with the following genotypes Tt or TT | tall |
| If you cross RrYy x RRYy, how many different phenotypes will result | 2 |
| Mendel used dihybrid crsosses to prove which law | independent assortment |
| which blood type is the universal donor? | o |
| Name on multiple allele trait | blood type |
| tall is dominant over shrot. If you cross two heterozygotes, what percent will be tall? | 75% |
| What does photosynthesis produce | oxygen and glucose |
| What does meiosis produce? | 4 different haploid gametes |
| if an organisms' diploid number is 10, what is its haploid number? | 5 |
| Which organelle is located in plant cells but not animal cells? | chloroplast |
| Identify the two genotypes that result in B blood type. | |
| Which organelle is used to build protins? | ribosomes |
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