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SES4UI review
Earth and Space Review topics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| The Earth is made of three layers | crust, the mantle and the core |
| Earth's top layer | The Crust |
| These rocks are formed when materials on Earth's surface are worn away or broken up | Sedimentary Rocks |
| These rocks are made when magma, molten rock, cools within Earth's surface or near it. These rocks come from volcanoes | Igneous |
| These rocks are made when igneous or sedimentary rocks undergo change from heat and pressure.(requires temperature) | Metamorphic |
| when sediments are washed away with the water and harden over many years as the water evaporates. Because these types of rocks require water, often pieces of plants and animals get pressed in the sediments and form | fossils |
| 80% of Earth's total volume and 68% of the mass, making it the heaviest part of Earth. | The Mantle |
| The Core actually has two sections | The Outer Core and the Inner Core |
| The Outer core is believed to be | liquid |
| The Outer core is believed to influence the earth's | magnetic pull |
| The Inner core is believed to be | solid iron and nickel |
| This theory of how deep the earth is based on | recordings of seismic waves, or shock waves, created by earthquake activity |
| Inner Core | is ball shaped and made up mostly of solid iron |
| The Outer Core | is made up mostly of melted iron |
| Scientists call the earth's crust | lithosphere (litho means rock or stone) |
| The Earth's lithosphere changes continuously name the 4 main forces that make theses changes to Earth's surface | 1. Changes in the Earth's Crust from tectonic(volcanic/eathquakes) plates 2.Weathering - wearing away of the lithosphere by wind/rain 3. Mass movement- slippage of large areas of rock and soil from landslides 4. Erosion - eating away or slow destruction |
| Alfred Wegener early 1900's | came up with the Continental Drift Theory |
| What did Wegener's theory state | that the large continents split up and pices drifted apart from each other forming the continents we know today. |
| In 1960 scientist uncovered evidence of Wegener's theory, what was that evidence? | Fossils of a dinosaur were discovered in Africa and South America and it's teeth were discovered in Antarctica. This animal does not swim so the land mass must have been connected. |
| When were the Himalaya Mountains formed | when India collided with Asia |
| In the 1950s, scientists were able to study the ocean floor, what did they discover | underwater mountains |
| name the longest mountain chain in the world | mid ocean ridges |
| Explain why the ocean floor is expanding | when exploring the ocean ridge areas, they learned that rocks found near the ridges were younger than those that were further away. This was because magma from deep inside the Earth's mantle was able to rise through vents or cracks to create ridges. As th |
| Plate Tectonics | explains moving continents, as well as volcanoes, |
| 7 major plates | (Pacific, North American, South American, Eurasian, African, Australian, and Antarctic) and several smaller ones |
| the largest plate that contains almost 20% of the Earth's crust | Pacific plate |
| Plate Boundaries | The places where the plates meet |
| list the 3 types of plate movement (Plate Boundaries) | 1.Divergent Boundaries or SPREADING ZONE: Here, the plates spread away from each other (ocean floor, along the mid-ocean ridges)2.Convergent Boundaries or CONVERGING ZONE: Here, two plates come together - One plate slides over the other plate forcing it d |
| One of the best known transform boundaries | San Andreas Fault in California |
| Which Boundary creates the most intense earthquakes | Transform Boundaries |
| volcanic eruptions. | The Hawaiian Islands are mountains formed BY |
| earthquake | trembling or shaking of the Earth that occurs because of a sudden movement of the crust. more than one million earthquakes each year. |
| What is the most common cause of earthquakes is | faulting. |
| Describe Earthquake | When the lithospheric plates slide along, the sliding plates break loose,and stored energy is released,The energy travels through the surrounding rocks until the energy is used up. When energy is released through the rocks, it can 1.MOVE THE ROCKS 2. OR V |
| the vibration of rocks during an earthquake | seismic waves |
| Used to measure waves(Vibration) | seismograph |
| How is the the magnitude, (or strength)of an earthquake determined | Richter Scale, which is numbered from 1 to 10. |
| a passage and an opening in the Earth's surface through which hot, molten rock is forced out | A volcano |
| liquid rock, called | magma |
| When magma reaches the surface, it is called | lava(igneous rock) |
| Magma rises through what | chambers |
| At the top of the volcano a steep-sided hole is known as a | crater |
| The volcano's opening, which allows the magma to flow to the Earth's surface is called the | vent. |
| Between eruptions, active volcanoes are/said to be | dormant |
| An extinct volcano | volcano that has stopped erupting |
| Where Most of the world's 850 active volcanoes lie | the Ring of Fire, a belt that edges the Pacific Ocean. |
| axis | The imaginary line that passes through Earth's center and the North and South poles |
| rotation | The spinning motion of a planet around its axis |
| revolution | The movement of one object around another object |
| orbit | The path of an object as it revolves around another object in space |
| day | Each 24 hour cycle of day and night |
| astronomy | The study of the moon, stars and other objects in space |
| What causes day and night? | Earth's rotation on its axis |
| Why does Earth have seasons? | The Earth's axis is tilted as it moves around the sun |
| solstice | The 2 days of the year when the sun is overhead at 23.5 degrees North or South (longest or shortest days of the year) |
| equinox | Days and nights are exactly the same length because neither hemisphere is tilted away from the sun |
| How is the Northern Hemisphere titled in relation to the sun when it is summer? | The Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards to the sun |
| Why is it warmer near the equator? | At the equator sunlight hits Earth's surface directly and is less spread out. |
| How does the moon move? | The moon revolves around the Earth and rotates on its own axis. |
| What causes the different phases of the moon? | The positions of the sun, moon, and Earth and how they line up. |
| How often does the moon go through a whole set of phases? | Around once a month or each time the moon revolves aroudn the Earth |
| Describe a New Moon | The side of the moon facing Earth is dark |
| Describe a First quarter | Half of the side of the moon facing Earth is lighted |
| Describe a Full Moon | All of the moon facing Earth is lighted |
| Describe a Third quarter | Half of the side of the moon facing Earth is lighted |
| When does an eclipse occur? | When the moon's shadow hits Earth or Earth's shadow hits the moon |
| What is a solar eclipse? | When the moon blocks sunlight from reaching Earth |
| What is a lunar eclipse? | When Earth blocks sunlight from reaching the moon. |
| What is the arrangement of the Earth, moon, and sun during a lunar eclipse? | Earth is directly between the moon and the sun. |
| What are tides? | The rise and fall of ocean levels. |
| Why do tides occur? | Differences in how much the moon pulls on different part of the Earth (gravity) |
| Describe the moon | It contains craters, highlands and maria |
| a naturally occurring, solid mixture of one or more minerals and organic matter | rock |
| a continual series of processes in which rock changes form from one rock type to another | rock cycle |
| broken rock fragments or pieces | sediment |
| process in which water, wind, ice and heat break down rock | weathering |
| process in which water, wind, ice and gravity transport sediment and soil from one location to another | erosion |
| the process in which sediment and other material is laid down | deposition |
| movement within the Earth that causes rocks inside the Earth to be moved to the Earth's surface | uplift |
| type of rock formed by the cooling and hardening of molten material | igneous rock |
| rock formed by another rock being altered by heat or pressure or both | metamorphic rock |
| rock formed from the weathered remains of other rock being compacted or cemented together | sedimentary rock |
| molten rock or a mineral "soup" found at or near the Earth's surface | lava |
| molten rock or a mineral "soup" found under the Earth's surface | magma |
| the chemical makeup of a rock which describes either the minerals or the materials in the rock | composition |
| the quality of the rock that is based upon the sizes, shapes, and positions of the rock;s grains (crystals) | texture |
| igneous rock formed inside the Earth form magma cooling and hardening | intrusive igneous rock |
| igneous rock formed outside of the Earth form lava cooling and hardening | extrusive igneous rock |
| layers of rock | strata |
| a sedimentary rock made from fragments of rock being compacted or cemented together | clastic sedimentary rock |
| a sedimentary rock made from solutions of dissolved minerals and water | chemical sedimentary rock |
| a sedimentary rock formed from the remains of ancient life | organic sedimentary rock |
| metamorphic rock texture where the mineral grains (crystals) are arranged in planes or bands | foliated |
| metamorphic rock texture where the mineral grains (crystals) are not arranged in planes or bands | nonfoliated |
Created by:
marcarli
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