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Communication/Cycle
Basic, Beyond Basic and Lab Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| DNA replication | the process of producing two identical copies of one original DNA molecule |
| mitosis | followed by cytokinesis, this division of the nucleus produces two identical, diploid (2n) body cells |
| chromosome | made up of DNA wrapped around proteins (human body cells have 46 (diploid/2n) located in the nucleus) |
| reception | the first stage of cell communication in which a chemical messenger (a ligand) attaches to a specific receptor protein, causing the receptor protein to change shape |
| transduction | the second stage of cell communication triggered by the shape change in the receptor protein and passed on through signal cascades, second messengers and/or protein modifications |
| response | the third and final stage of cell communication in which a cell responds to the original message |
| hormones | one of many types of circulating chemical signals in all multicellular organisms that travel in body fluids and interact with target cells |
| ligand | a molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule |
| receptor protein | on or in a cell, a specific protein molecule whose shape fits that of a specific molecular messenger, such as a hormone |
| second messenger | a small, nonprotein molecule or ion, such as cyclic AMP (cAMP) , that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signal received by a signal receptor protein |
| cell cycle | a complex set of stages with checkpoints that regulates growth, DNA synthesis and duplication |
| G2 checkpoint | must be passed before a cell enters mitosis and is triggered by the joining of cyclin and cdk to form MPF |
| karyotype | the result of method of organizing the chromosomes of a cell in relation to number, size, and type |
| cancer | a disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body |
| cyclin | a regulatory protein in cells whose concentration fluctuates cyclically (binds with Cdk to form MPF and allow the cell to pass the G2 checkpoint |
| Cdk | a protein kinase that is active only when attached to cyclin, forming MPF to allow the cell to pass the G2 Checkpoint |
| positive feedback | a physiological control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change |
| negative feedback | a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation. |
| telophase | The fourth stage of mitosis: the nucleus divides into two nuclei |
| metaphase | The second stage of mitosis: cell's duplicated chromosomes line up at cell's equator |
| prophase | The first stage of mitosis: duplicated chromosomes condense, mitotic spindle forms/begins moving the chromosomes toward the center of the cell made possible by the breakdown of the nuclear envelope |
| cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm to form separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis or meiosis |
| interphase | cell cycle section including growth, synthesis of DNA and mitosis prep -- 90% of cell cycle time |
| anaphase | The third stage of mitosis: sister chromatids separate from each other |
| onion root tip | a rapidly growing part of the onion and thus many cells will be in different stages of mitosis |
Created by:
cfigueiredo
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