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test 2
test review 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Acid – | substance which can raise hydrogen ions of solution (aspirin) |
| Solution | – solute dissolved in solvent |
| - mixture of 2 or more substances in which 1 substance is being dissolved in another substance | |
| - solute is almost always H2O | |
| - | |
| Concentration | – amount of substance in a given volume |
| pH = | measurement of [H+] (concentration of) of a solution |
| - NaCl dissolved in water would be a salt solution | |
| - The conception of concentration is based on the assumption that solutes are evenly distributed throughout the solvent | |
| - | |
| Base – | substance which can decrease the [H+] of a solution |
| Dissociation – | when NaCl is dissolved – the Na + Cl disconnected from each other |
| H2O has partially + and partially – charges | |
| Na+Cl = each one is a different charge | each one is a different charge |
| When NaCl is put into water the Na+ is attracted to the and the Cl- is attracted to the therefore NaCl splits up | |
| In pure water, a small number of H20 molecules starts to dissolve and looks like this | |
| Written as H2O → OH- (hydroxide ion) + H+ (hydrogen ion) | |
| - Water molecules themselves are attracted to other water molecules and many break off from their own molecules | |
| - When they break apart the O steals the e- from the H which it had been sharing unequally and it becomes – and the H becomes + | |
| - However many of one kind of ion there is in a sample of H2O is the same for the other kind of ion. | |
| - The [H+] of any solution is measured with a measurement called pH | |
| - pH = the – log [H+] | |
| Log | – the exponent to which a number in base 10 is raised. |
| - an example would be [H+] | |
| o Moles | – amount of substance |
| o Liter | – amount of volume |
| - When you have a – exponent you move the decimal point that many spaces to the left | |
| pH = | the power to which the hydrogen ion is raised |
| - p – | power |
| - H – | hydrogen ions |
| The pH of pure water is 7 | |
| - it is considered neutral even though is does not have the same H ions | |
| - there is a negative correlation between pH and [H+] number higher pH means lower [H+] and vise versa | |
| Moles – unit/measurement with a lot of numbers | |
| pH that is lower – higher hydrogen ion concentration – more acidic | |
| Buffer - molecules which limit pH change in a given system | |
| Buffer/ system | |
| Carbonic acid / bicarbonate buffer system | |
| + = react with | |
| Chemical reaction ↔ reversible | |
| Collision – to react they have to literally collide | |
| - the more there are, the more likely they will collide | |
| o ex: increase carbon dioxide – reaction will be left to right | |
| o ex: increase H – reaction right to left | |
| Isotopes - alternative atomic form of an element (same) | |
| - atomic number needs to be the same only difference = number of neutrons | |
| radio isotopes – isotopes that are unstable | |
| decay - have excess energy and need to release excess energy | |
| - isotopes changing from unstable to stable | |
| - radio active energy can be captured on photographic film - image | |
| o ex: | |
| isotope of iodine and unstable → radio isotope → decay radioactive energy | |
| - iodine is almost exclusively utilized in the thyroid gland | |
| o thyroid gland – produces hormones | |
| o hormones – molecules released into blood | |
| o macromolecules – organic = involve carbon as a core element of their structure | |
| Carbohydrates – CH2O – 1:2:1 ratio – carbon, hydrated water | |
| Monomers/monosaccharide’s – individual single units / unit of sugar | |
| Polymers/polysaccharides – individual units linked together/links of sugar together | |
| C6H12O6 – molecular formula | |
| 3 most important monosaccharides | |
| - glucose | |
| - fructose | |
| - galactose | |
| - brain depends on glucose to survive | |
| - glucose serves as a nutrient – source of energy | |
| Hydroxyl group – hydrogen and oxygen bonded together (ex of functional groups) | |
| Functional groups – small group of atoms bonded together that when attached to a larger molecule confer upon that molecule certain unique qualities | |
| Hydrophilic – likes water ex: sugar in tea (bc of hydroxyl groups) | |
| Hydropholic – don’t interact with water, stay away from water | |
| Dehydration synthesis – removing a H2O molecule and connect the 2 | |
| Hydrolysis – break s/t apart by adding water | |
| Glycogen – storage from a glucose (found in liver – animals and humans) | |
| Glycogenolysis – breakdown of glycogen | |
| Starch – storage from glucose in plants | |
| Cellulose – eliminated stool | |
| - form of fiber | |
| - non digestible by humans | |
| sucrose = disaccharide bonded between glucose and fructose | |
| lactose – glucose and gloctose = milk | |
| carboxyl group – group of carbons bond glycerol to fatty acid – dehydration synthesis | |
| - carbon and hydrogen form covalent bonds | |
| unsaturated – carbon is not saturated with the max number of | |
| amphipathic molecule – 1 portion of molecule is hydropholic and the other is hydrophilic | |
| proteins – polymers made up of repeating units = amino acids | |
| quaternary structure = only some proteins have 4th level | |
| ex: hemoglobin – molecule contained in red blood | |
| cells, transports | |
| nucleic acids – polymers that are informational | |
| monomers : polymers | |
| monosaccharide : polysaccharides | |
| amino acids : proteins | |
| nucleotides : nucleic acids | |
| nucleic acids – group of nucleotides | |
| DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid – double stranded | |
| RNA – ribonucleic acid – single stranded | |
| ATP – nucleotide with three phosphate groups | |
| - the breakdown of ATP into ADP + P makes energy available for energy requiring processes in cells | |
| eukaryote – cell membrane – true nucleus that is separated from the rear of the cell by a membrane | |
| prokaryote – nucleus region with chromosomes by not separated by membrane – no membrane structure | |
| resolution – able to distinguish | |
| - larger cells cant satisfy its needs as quickly as smaller cells | |
| chromosomes – a structure that is primarily DNA and protein | |
| Organelles | |
| 1. ribosome’s – proteins and RNA = r – RNA | |
| 2. endoplasmic reticulum – membranous system of tubules, vesicles, and sacs in cells, sometimes having attached ribosomes. | |
| a. Rough ER has ribosome’s | |
| b. Smooth ER does not have ribosome’s | |
| Phagocytosis – process by which amoeboid cells engulf large substances, forming an intracellular vacuole | |
| Tay sachs disease – lethal genetic disease in which the newborn has a faulty lysosomal digestive enzyme |
Created by:
chloe3
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