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Nervous

Whitley

QuestionAnswer
Functions of the Nervous System 1. Sense changes in environment 2. Interpret changes 3. Respond to changes in environment
Divisions of Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
CNS Control center composed of brain and spinal cord.
PNS Cranial nerves from brain and spinal nerves from spinal cord A. Afferent B. Efferent 1.Somatic 2. Autonomic nervous system a. Sympathetic b. Parasympathetic
Afferent (Sensory) takes impulses to CNS.
Efferent (Motor) takes impulses away from CNS.
Somatic goes to voluntary muscles.
Autonomic nervous system goes to involuntary muscles and glands.
Nervous System composed of Two Types of cells 1.Neuroglia cells 2.Neurons
Neuroglia cells For support and protection. A. Schwann cell B. Oligodendrocytes C. Microglia D. Astrocytes E. Ependyma cells F. Satelite cells
Schwann cell Form myelin sheaths around peripheral axons.
Oligodendrocytes Form mylein sheaths around axons in CNS.
Microglia Phagocytic cells that migrate through CNS and remove foreign and degenerated material.
Astrocytes Help regulate passage of molecules from blood to brain. Attach neuron to blood vessels.
Ependyma cells Line ventricles and central canal of spinal cord.
Satellite cells support neuron cell bodies within the ganglia of PNS.
Neruons Basic structural and functional units if nervous system can not divide mitotically, but some can regenerate a severed portion.
Three Principal Components 1. Cell Body or Perikaryon 2. Dendrites 3. Axon
Cell body or Perikaryon Enlarged portion of neuron that contains nucleus and nucleolus surrounded by cytoplasm. Cytoplasm characterized by Nissl bodies and neurofibrils.
Dendrites Branched processes that extend form cytoplasm of cell body. Receive stimulus and conduct impulse to cell body.
Axon Single, relatively long, highly branched process that conducts impulses away from cell body. Conical region where it originates from the cell body is axon hillock
Axon Length: Contains Vary in length from a few millimeters to over a meter. Cytoplasm contains many mitochondria, microtubules and neurofibrils, but no Nissl boddies
Names for special structures 1. Axon colaterals 2. Axoplasm 3. Axolemma 4. Telodendria 5. Synaptic end bulbs
Axon colaterals side branches that extend short distance form axon.
Axoplasm Cytoplasm
Axolemma Plasma membrane.
Telodendria End branches of axons
Synaptic end bulbs Sac-like structures at end of telodendia that contain transmitter substance
Peripheral nerve fibers May be surrounded by myelin sheaths. If axons contain such a covering they are myelinated, but if they do not they are unmyelinated.
Myelin sheath Is produced by schwann cells.
Neurilemma or Sheath of Schwann Is made of cytoplasm, a nucleus, and cell membrane and may assist in regeneration of injured axons.
Nodes of Ranvier Gaps in sheath.
Smallest axons Enclosed by Schawann cells, but these cells are not wrapped around the axon; therefore no myelin sheaths.
Mylelin in CNS Is produced by oligodendrocytes rather that Schwann cells and lack neurolemma sheaths.
Single oliodendrocyte May provide myelin for up to 40 axons.
Groups of myelinated fibers appear white and are responsible for white matter in the brain and spinal cord.
Regeneration Injury to cell body causes death. A damage axon may regenerate.
Steps for Regeneration of injured axon 1. Distal portion degenerated 2. proximal end of injured nerve sprouts and regenerates into tube of sheath cells 3. Sheath cells proliferate and axon grows 3-4 mm per day.
Structural classification of neuron Classified by number of processes 1. Multipolar 2. Bipolar 3. Unipolar
Multipolar Several dendrites and 1 axon. Brain and Spinal cord
Bipolar 1 dendrite and 1 axon. Retina and Inner ear
Unipolar 1 process which divides to form branches that function as axon and dendrite. Dorsal root ganglia.
Functional Classification Classified according to direction impulse flows
Afferent or sensory impulse travels toward CNS
Efferent or motor Impulse travels away from CNS
Association Connections from sensory to motor
Nerves Are bundles of afferent and efferent processes and can be grouped 1. General somatic afferent fibers 2. General somatic efferent fibers 3. General visceral afferent fibers 4. General visceral efferent fibers
General somatic afferent fibers Sensory from voluntary muscles, joints and skin.
General somatic efferent fibers Motor to skeletal muscles.
General visceral afferent fibers Sensory form visceral organs and blood vessels to CNS.
Gerneral visceral efferent fivers Motor to smooth muscle, cardial muscle and secretory glands. (Also called autonomic nervous system).
Cell membrane potential Cell membrane is electrically charged or polarized so that the outside is positively charged with respect to the inside. The distribution of ions is determined by the presence of pores or channels in the membrane. Some channels are always open, while ot
Resting Potential Nerve cell is not conducting impulses. There is a greater concentration of Na on the outside and K on the inside. The outside of the membrane is positively charged and the inside is negatively charged.
Potential Difference Difference in the electrical charge between the measured in volts. The resting potential is - 70 mv
Depolariztion Membrane becomes less negative
Stimulation affects affects the neuron in localized region of teh membrane, sodium channels open and Na passes in. (Depolarization)
Created by: vannessa01
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