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A&P Final
Galewski's Final Exam Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Definition of Anatomy | The study of body structures-this includes size, shape, composition and at times colorization |
| Definition of Physiology | The study of HOW the body functions |
| Definition of Pathophysiology | The study of disorders of functioning |
| Organic Chemicals | Contain the elements Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen |
| Cells | Smallest living units of structure and function |
| Tissues | A group of similar cells with similar structure and function |
| 4 groups of tissues | Epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve |
| Connective Tissue | Connect and support materials |
| Contractability | When a muscle returns to regular length after contraction |
| Organs | A group of tissues arranged precisely to perform a specific function |
| Organ Systems | A GROUP of organs that all contribute to a particular function |
| Metabolism | All the chemical reactions and physical processes taking place within the body |
| Homeostasis | Ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable metabloism or to function normally despite enviromental changes |
| Meninges | The membrane that line the Cranial and Vertebral cavities covering the Brain and Spinal Cord |
| Proton | Has a positive charge and is found in the Nucleus |
| Neutron | NO CHARGE and is found in the Nucleus |
| Electron | Negative charge found outside of the Nucleus |
| Atomic Number | Number of Protons in an Atom |
| Ionic Bonds | The LOSS of one or more Electrons by one Atom and the GAIN by another Atom |
| Cation | A positively charged Ion |
| Anion | A negatively charged Ion |
| Covalent Bond | SHARING of Electrons between Atoms |
| pH | "Parts of Hydrogen" A Scale of measuring acidity and alkalinity |
| pH Scale | 0-6.9 Acid7.1-14 Base7 Neutral |
| Carbohydrates | Serve as sources of energy in cell respiration. Main food used by the body. |
| Diffusion | The movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration. |
| Process by which Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide are exchanged in the tissues? | Diffusion |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of water only through a selectively permeable membrane. Water will move from an area with more water to an area with less water. |
| Active Transport | Requires energy of ATP to move molecules from an area of lesser concentration to an area of higher concentration (opposite of diffusion) |
| Phinocytosis | Is a stationary cell engulfing something. |
| What will happen to a human cell if it is placed in a hypertonic solution? | Water will move out of the cell and it will shrink. |
| What will happen if a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution? | Cell will take in water (too much) and will burst. |
| Keratin | Skin's tough waterproof layer. Also makes up fingernails. |
| 3 Exocrine Glands | Sweat, Ceruminous and Arrector Pilli Glands |
| Periosteum | Fibrous covering on bones. |
| Compact Bones | Made up of Haversian System. Compact Bones carry lots of weight. |
| Spongy Bone | Cancellous Bone-looks like a "sponge" Contains Red Bone Marrow (produces RBC's) |
| Short Bones | Bones of the wrist and ankle (primarily Spongy Bone w/ Red Bone marrow thinly layered with Compact Bone) |
| Flat Bones | Ribs, shoulder blades, hips and cranial bones (primarily spongy bone w/ Red Bone Marrow thinly layered with Compact Bone) |
| Irregular Bones | Vertebrea and facial bones (primarily Spongy Bone w/ Red Bone Marrow thinly lined with Compact Bone) |
| Articular Cartilage | Joints surfaces of bones are covered with articular cartilage which provides a nice smooth surface. Has NO blood vessels (Avascular) |
| Periosteum | Covers the rest of the bone that Articular Cartilage does not. Is a fibrous connective tissue membrane. |
| Facial Bones | 14 total |
| 2 Maxilla Bones | Upper Jaw, form anterior part of the hard palate, has sockets for upper teeth. |
| Mandible | ONLY moveable facial bone, articulating with temporal bones, has sockets for lower teeth. |
| What fluid are joints filled with? | Synovial Fluid-thick and slippery to prevent friction. |
| Tendons | Made up of fibrous connective tissue, the tendon merges with the fascia which covers the muscle and made of a sheath of fibrous connective tissue-also attaches to the Periosteum which covers the bone. |
| Isotonic Contraction | Tension in the muscle reamins the same, but the length of the muscle changes. |
| Muscles that guard "passage ways" are usually called what kind of muscles? | Sphincter Muscles |
| Clotting factors such a Prothrombin and Fibrinogin are synthesixed in what organ? | The Liver |
| What Vitamin is needed for the synthesis of Prothrombin? | Vitamin K |
| Calcium is needed for the clotting process. TRUE or FALSE | TRUE |
| Fibrinolysis | As a repair begins after a blood clot, the clot is dissolved. |
| Plasma | Liquid part of blood. Clear or straw colored-7% of plasma is proteins. |
| Blood Serum | A pale yellow liquid left after a clot forms. Serum is the liquid minus the clotting elements. |
| Blood Type | Refers to the type of Antigens present on the Red Blood Cell Membrane. |
| Antigen | Any substance that produces an immune response. |
| What are the Antigens in blood? | A, B, Rh |
| 4 types of blood: | Type A-Antigens A on Red CellsType B-Antigens B on the Red CellsType AB-Antigens A and B on the Red CellsType O-Neither A or B Antigens |
| Rh factor | Another Antigen (often called D) If an Rh negative person receives Rh positive blood by mistake, antibodies will be formed. |
| Pericardium | 3 Membranes: -Fibrous-loose fiting sac over the heart -Parietal Pericarduim-membrane/lines and prevents friction as heart beats-Visceral Pericardium-surface of the heart muscle |
| Left Atrium | Recieves blood from the lungs by way of the four pulmonary veins. |
| Which carries De-Oxygenated blood? | Veins carry de-oxygenated blood, except for pulmanary vein which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. |
| Pulmenary Artery | Carries De-Oxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. The only artery to carry de-oxygenated blood. |
| Pulmenary Vein | Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium. The only vein to carry oxygenated blood. |
| Sinoatrial Node | Location : In the wall of the right atrium, just below the opening for the superior vena cava.Function: Pacemaker. Sets the basic pace for the rate, responsible for the contraction of the atria. |
| Atrioventricular Node | Location: In the right atrium bear the ventricular septum.Function: Conduction, the transpision of impulses from the SA node to the Av node and to the rest of the atrial myocardium brings about atrial systole. |
| Bundle of His (AV Bundle) | Location: Originates in the AV node and extends by two branches down Function: Conduction. Receives impulses from the AV node and transmits them to the right and left bundle branches. From the bundle branches impulses travel along purkinje fibers. |
| Purkinje Fibers | Location: Extension of the bundle of his. Extends out to the muscle walls of the ventricles.Function: Contraction of the ventricles. |
| Conduction of the Heart | Starts SA Node-AV node-Bundle of His-Purkinje Fibers. |
| Artery | Thick muscular layer, elastic, surrounded by white fibrous tissue. |
| Vein | Thins, isntead of muscle veins have valves, veins depend on skeletal muscles.Walls of veins are thinner than walls of arteries. |
| Where does the subcalvian run? | Subclavian runs under the clavical. |
| Function of Arteries | Carries Oxygenated Blood to all parts of the body. (Away from Heart.) |
| Function of Veins | Transports De-Oxygenated blood from capillaries to the heart. |
| Capillaries | Transport essential materials to and from the cells. |
| Peritoneal Fluid | Fluid within the peritoneal space. Keeps both layers of the membrane moist during breathing and digestive movements. |
| Parts of the Tooth: | Enamel-Hardest substance in the body-provides a hard chewing surfaceDentin-Forms the bulk of the tooth, Root resembles Bone in structureCementum-Bone like structure covers the Dentin of the Root |
| Epiglottis | Located above the larengeal pharynx and has a shutter or closing like action the prevents food from going into the respiratory tract. |
| Divisions of the Small Intestines | Duodenum-10 inches-Upper most part of the Small IntestinesJejunum-8 feet-Middle part of the Small IntestinesIleum-12 Feet-Bottom part of the Small Intestines90% of all digestion takes place in the Small Intestines |
| Cecum | 2-3 Inches. First prtion of the Large Intestines where the Small Intestines meets. |
| Ileocecal Valve | Prevents backflow of fecal material into the Small Intestines from the Large Intestines. |
| Where is most water absorbed? | Large Intestines |
| Ascending Colon | Right side of the abdomen |
| Transverse Colon | Horozontally (beklow the Liver and Stomach) |
| Descending Colon | Left side of the abdomen |
| Sigmoid | Below the Iliac Crest |
| Rectum | 7-8 inches |
| Purpose of the Duct System | To trtansport bile from the Liver and Gallbladder to the Duodenum |
| Hepatic Duct | Bile duct of the Liver, takes bile out of the Liver |
| Cystic Duct | From the Gallbladder, drains Gallbladder |
| Common Bile Duct | Hepatic joins Cystic Duct |
| Purpose of the Nose | To warm the air being breathed in and filter impurities |
| Nephron | Structural and functional unit of the Kidney |
| Function of Nephron | To form urine from blood plasma |
| Glomerulus | A cluster of capillaries where filtration takes place |
| Sodium and Electrolytes are normally found in urine. True or False? | FALSE |
| Nitrogenous Wates found in urine (from protein metabolism): | Urea, Uric Acid, Ammonia and Creatinine |
| Electrolytes | Mainly Sodium, Potassium, Ammonium, Chloride, Bicarbonate, Phosphate and Sulfate |
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kendrick907
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