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NerveTerms
Nervous Tissue, from Lecture, added Cranial Nerves
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three major portions of the brain? | brain stem, cerebrum, and cerebellum |
| This seperates 2 cerebral hemispheres | longitudinal fissure |
| seperates frontal and parietal lobe | central sulcus |
| folds in the brain | gyri (gyrus, singular) |
| deeper masses of gray matter in the brain | nuclei |
| bundles of axons (white matter) | tracts |
| surface layer of gray matter in the brain | cortex |
| This type of matter contains neuron cell bodies,dendrites, and synapses | gray matter |
| This type of matter contains bundles of axons | white matter |
| forms tracts that connect parts of brain | white matter |
| forms cortex ove cerebrum and cerebellum | gray matter |
| forms nuclei deep within bran | gray matter |
| What type of matter has the periosteal layer? | Dura mater |
| A thin vascular layer adherent to contours of brain | pia matter |
| what meningitis kills within hours? | bacterial |
| Ventricle that is found inside cerebral hemisphere | lateral |
| ventricle that is snigle vertical space by the corpus callosum | third |
| this runs through the midbrain | cerebral aqueduct |
| this is a small chamber between the pons and cerebellum | forth ventricle |
| this runs down the spinal cord | central canal |
| What produces CSF in the brain? (hard) | Ependymal cells with choroid plexus |
| function of ependymal cells in brain | take fluid from blood and make into CSF |
| If meningitis compresses the brain, how would ventricles appear in CT scan? | smaller |
| The blood - brain barrier is permeable to _________ materials | lipid soluble (OH, CO2, O2, nicotine, and anesthetics) |
| hindbrain is made of... | medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellum |
| this part of the hindbrain contans nuclei of sensory and motor CNs (IX, X, XI, XII) | medulla oblongata |
| has olive and pyramids on surface | medulla oblongata |
| Four centers of medulla oblongata | cardiac, vasomotor,respiratory, reflex |
| has ascending and descending nerve tracts | medulla oblongata |
| has ascending sensory tracts and descending motor tracts | pons |
| nuclei of this area is concerned with sleep, hearing, balance, taste, eye movements, facial expressions, facial sensations, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, and posture | pons |
| right and left hemispheres of the cerebellum are connected by ? | vermis |
| gray matter in the cerebellum that makes up the parallel surface folds | folia |
| white matter of the cerebellum that is visible in the sagittal section | arbor vitae |
| This connects the cerebellum to the brainstem | cerebellar peduncles |
| Four Cerebellar functions | evaluation of sensory input, timekeeping center, distinguish pitch and similar sounding words, and planning and scheduling tasks |
| What is the control center of coordinated movemetns? | Cerebellar functions |
| This is part of the midbrain that connects to the cerebellum | tegmentum |
| this structure sends signals to the basal ganglia and thalamus | substantia nigra |
| degeneration of this area leads to Parkinsons | substantia nigra |
| central gray matter in the midbrain is essential for what | pain awareness |
| the tectum has four nuclei known as ... | corpora quadigemina |
| the superior colliculus of the tectum performs what functions | tracts moving objects, blinking, pupillary and head turning reflexes |
| the inferior colliculus of the tectum performs what functions | reflex of turning head to sound |
| clusters of gray matter scattered throughout pons, midbrain and medula | reticular activating system |
| this part regulates balance and posture | reticular activating system |
| where gaze centers and central pattern generators are found | reticular activating system |
| this is part of sleep and conscious attention of the reticular activating system that is a term for ignoring repetitive, inconsequential stimuli | habituation |
| if this part is damaged, it causes an irreversible coma | reticular activating system |
| includes thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus | forebrain, or diencephalon |
| three parts of the diencephalon (forebrain) | thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus |
| this mass is 4/5 of forebrain and contains 23 or more nuclie | thalamus |
| this oval gray mass protrudes into the lateral ventricle and 3rd ventricle | thalamus |
| the thalamus relays signals from the _______ to the _________ | cerebellum; motor cortex |
| functions of the limbic system and location of limbic sysem | functions - emotion and memory functionslocation - thalamus |
| the ________ recieves nearly all sensory information on its way to the _________ cortex | thalamus; cerebral |
| this mass makes up the walls and floor of the 3rd ventricle | hypothalamus |
| Name 3 functions of the hypothalamus (at least 3) | hormone secretion; autonomic control; thermoregulation; food and water intake; hunger/thirst; full/satiated;sleep and circadian rhythms; memory; emotional behavior |
| this part of the hypothalamus is involved in memory | mammillary bodies |
| two parts of epithalamus | pineal gland and habenula |
| two hormones secreted by the epithalamus | seratonin and melatonin (happy and sleepy) |
| this part of the diencephalon connects the limbic system to the midbrain A. PonsB. Pineal GlandC. HabenulaD. ThalamusE. Hypothalamus | C. |
| What is the cerebrum divided into? | lobes |
| Name the lobes of the cerebrum | frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal |
| function of frontal lobe of cerebrum | voluntary motor functions, planning, mood, smell and social judgement |
| Say Mary sees an egg, decides, it is rotten, and throws it into the garbage disposal. What portions of the cerebrum are working? | Seeing - occipitalSmell - Temporal and FrontalJugement - FrontalMotion to dispose - Frontal |
| Name the lobe of the cerebrum associated with hearing, smell, learning, memory, emotional behavior | Temporal |
| Part of cerebrum involved in sensory information, or recieving and integrating sensory information | parietal |
| Most of the cerebrum is made of A. Gray MatteB. White MatterC. Unmyelinated NervesD. Vitreous Humor | B. White matter |
| Three types of tracts in the cerebral white matter | projection, commissural,association |
| these tracts in the cerebral white matter travel from the brain to the spinal cord | projection |
| these tracts of the cerebrum cross to opposite hemispheres | commissural |
| these tracts of the cerebrum connect lobes and gyri within a hemisphere | association |
| the corpus callosum and anterior and posterior commissures make up this part of the cerebrumA. Association tracts B. commissural tracts C. Unmyelinated neurons D. Projection tracts E. lens | B. Commissural tracts |
| What are the masses of gray matter deep in the cerebral nuclei | basal nuclei |
| what has motor control & inhibition of tremors | basal nuclei |
| what recieves input from substantia nigra and motor cortex | basal nuclei |
| sends input to the basal nuclei (2) | substantia nigra and motor cortex |
| this structure is a loop of cortical structures surrounding deep brain | limbic system |
| what is the limbic system composed of ? | amygdala, hippocampus, fornix and cingulate gyrus |
| this part of the limbic system is involved in motions and perception of emotinos | amygdala |
| this part of the limbic system is important in memory and forming new memory | hippocampus |
| The electroencephalogram records voltage changes from A. postsynaptic potentials in cerebral cortex B. postsynaptic potentials in pons C. presynaptic potentials in cerebrum D. presynaptic potentials in frontal lobe | A. |
| What is a known viral disease of the CNS? | polio |
| 4 types of brain waves and functions | alpha - awake, resting with eye closedbeta - eyes open and mental taskstheta - during sleep or emotional stressdelta - deep sleep |
| Stages of consciousness can be correlated with an EKG. T/F | F - Stages of consciousness are correlated with an EEG |
| in what stage of sleep are you easily aroused | stage 2 |
| in what stage of sleep are you difficult to arouse | Stage 4 |
| in what stage of sleep are you in deep sleep | 4 |
| in what stage of sleep are you drifting off | 1 |
| in what stage of sleep are your vital signs changing | 3 |
| what stage of sleep is attained in 20 minutes | 3 |
| Vital signs increase in REM. T/F | T |
| function of suprachiasmatic nucleus | biological clock to set the circadian rhythm |
| What functions like an internal clock to daytime and nightime? | suprachiasmatic nucleus |
| What 4 areas of the brain control sleep? | hypothalmus, reticular formation, thalamus, and cerebral cortex |
| what part of temporary states of unconsciousness is characterized by an inhibition of muscular activity | sleep paralysis |
| If during sleep the brain increases glycogen level and memories are strengthened, what is this function of sleep named? | restorative effect |
| T/F. REM period become longer and less frequent in the second half of the night. | F.REM period becomelonger and more frequent in the second half of the night. |
| _______ involves integration of sensory and motor information | cognition |
| This brain lesion of the parietal lobe makes someone unaware of objects or limbs on one side of the body | contralateral neglect syndrome |
| this brain lesion in the temporal lobe makes someone unable to recognize objects | agnosia |
| this brain lesion in the temporal lobe makes someone unable to recognize faces | prosopagnosia |
| agnosia makes someone unable to recognize objects, where does this occur | temporal lobe |
| prosopagnosia makes someone unable to recognize faces, where does this occur | temporal lobe |
| the contralateral effect syndrome occurs to this lobe | parietal |
| frontal lobe damage could result in... | personality changes, inability to plan and execute appropriate behavior |
| if someone was unable to pee normally, according to society, he might have damage in his | frontal lobe |
| three prefrontal cortex functions | planning, moral judgement, emotional control |
| where was the lobotomy of phineas gage? | ventromedial region of both frontal lobes. this causes personality change |
| important in organizing sensory and cognitive information into a memory | hippocampus |
| inability to store new data | anterograde amnesia |
| inability to remember your favorite Christmas present as a kid | retrograde amnesia |
| if you can remember tons of stuff, but have trouble with reading, you might have | pathological inability to forget |
| three things information management requires | learning, memory, and forgetting |
| the cerebellum helps learn _________ | motor skills |
| this is important in emotional memory | amygdala |
| controls how emotions are expressed | prefrontal cortex |
| emotions form in the __________ and ___________ | hypothalamus; amygdala |
| how is behavior learned? | by rewards and punishments or responses of others to them |
| this comes from receptors widely distributed throughout the body | somesthetic sensation |
| this demonstrates that the area of the cortex dedicated to the sensations of various body parts is proportional to how sensitive that part of the body is | sensory homunculus |
| location of taste in brain | postcentral gyrus |
| location of smell | medial temporal lobe and inferior frontal lobe |
| location of vision | occipital lobe |
| location of hearing | superior temporal lobe |
| equilibrium maintained in this brain region | cerebellum, but to unknown areas of cerebral cortex via the thalamus |
| This brain lesion of the parietal lobe makes someone unaware of objects or limbs on one side of the body | contralateral neglect syndrome |
| this brain lesion in the temporal lobe makes someone unable to recognize objects | agnosia |
| this brain lesion in the temporal lobe makes someone unable to recognize faces | prosopagnosia |
| agnosia makes someone unable to recognize objects, where does this occur | temporal lobe |
| prosopagnosia makes someone unable to recognize faces, where does this occur | temporal lobe |
| the contralateral effect syndrome occurs to this lobe | parietal |
| frontal lobe damage could result in... | personality changes, inability to plan and execute appropriate behavior |
| if someone was unable to pee normally, according to society, he might have damage in his | frontal lobe |
| three prefrontal cortex functions | planning, moral judgement, emotional control |
| where was the lobotomy of phineas gage? | ventromedial region of both frontal lobes. this causes personality change |
| important in organizing sensory and cognitive information into a memory | hippocampus |
| inability to store new data | anterograde amnesia |
| inability to remember your favorite Christmas present as a kid | retrograde amnesia |
| if you can remember tons of stuff, but have trouble with reading, you might have | pathological inability to forget |
| three things information management requires | learning, memory, and forgetting |
| the cerebellum helps learn _________ | motor skills |
| this is important in emotional memory | amygdala |
| controls how emotions are expressed | prefrontal cortex |
| emotions form in the __________ and ___________ | hypothalamus; amygdala |
| how is behavior learned? | by rewards and punishments or responses of others to them |
| this comes from receptors widely distributed throughout the body | somesthetic sensation |
| this demonstrates that the area of the cortex dedicated to the sensations of various body parts is proportional to how sensitive that part of the body is | sensory homunculus |
| location of taste in brain | postcentral gyrus |
| location of smell | medial temporal lobe and inferior frontal lobe |
| location of vision | occipital lobe |
| location of hearing | superior temporal lobe |
| equilibrium maintained in this brain region | cerebellum, but to unknown areas of cerebral cortex via the thalamus |
| outer layer of dura matter against bone | periosteal layer |
| inner layer of dura mater | meningeal layer |
| drains blood from brain in the meningeal layer of dura mater | dural venous sinuses |
| an inner chamber of CNS that is found in cerebral hemispheres | lateral ventricles |
| single vertical space under the corpus callosum | third ventricle |
| a small chamber betwee the pons and cerebellum | forth ventricle |
| has more Na+ & Cl- but less K+ & Ca+2 than plasma | CSF |
| three functions of CSF | buoyancy, protection, chemical stability |
| this absorbs CSF into the venous sinus | arachnoid villi |
| csf filters and drains blood through this | choroid plexus |
| these are breaks in the area whee blood has direct access and found in 3rd and 4th ventricles | circumventricular organs |
| monitors glucose, pH,osmolarity and other variations into brain and allows for HIV virus to invade the brain. | circumventricular organs |
| postcentral gyrus | stomatosensory area |
| comes from receptors widely distributed throughout the body | somesthetic sensation |
| touch, pain, pressure, stretch, movement, heat, cold | somesthetic sensation |
| demonstrates that the are of the cortex dedicated to the sensations of various body parts is proportional o how sensitive that part of the body is | sensory homunculus |
| organs of smell, taste, vision, hearing and equillibruim | special senses |
| what are the special senses | smell, taste, vision, hearing, equillibrium |
| where is taste locate? | lower end of postcentral gyrus |
| smell located? | medial temporal lobe and inferior frontal lobe |
| vision located? | occipital lobe |
| hearing located? | superior temporal lobe |
| equillibrium located? | cerebellum most, but also unknown areas of cortex |
| where is all sensory information relayed through? | thalamus |
| association areas interpret.... | sensory information |
| position of limbs, location of touch or pain, and shape, weight and texture of an object | somethetic association area (parietal lobe) |
| identifies things we see | visual association area (occipital lobe) |
| faces are recognized in the .... | temporal lobe |
| remember the name of a pece of music or identify a person by his voices | auditory association area (temporal lobe) |
| intention to contract a muscle begins in the .... | motor association (premotor) area of frontal lobes |
| processes orders that begin in the motor association area of the frontal lobes by sending signals to the spinal cord | precentral gyrus |
| proportional to number of muscle motor units in a region (fine control) | motor homunculus |
| precentral gyrus is ________ to central sulcus | rostral |
| main area for emotions | amygdala |
| postcentral gyrus | somatosensory area |
| sensations in various body parts reflect how sensitive that proportion of brain is | sensory homunculus |
| 5 special senses | hearing seeing smelling taste equillibrium |
| proportional to number of muscle motor units in a region (fine control) | motor homunculus |
| includes reading, writing, speaking and understanding words | language |
| permits recognition of spoken and written language | wernicke's area |
| creates plan of speech | wernicke's area |
| generates motor program for larynx, tongue, cheeks and lips | broca's area |
| affective language areas produce what? | aprosodia |
| flat, emotionless speech | aprosodia |
| any language deficit resulting from lesions in same hemisphere as wenicke's and broca's areas | aphasia |
| lesion to broca's | nonfluent aphasia |
| no words come out can still write and still understand | nonfluent aphasia |
| slow speech, difficulty choosing words, entire vocabulary may be 2 to 3 words | broca's area lesion - nonfluent aphasia |
| lesion to wernickes | fluent aphasia |
| speech normal and excessive, but makes little sense | fluent aphasia |
| babbles on and on about whatever | fluent aphasia - wernicke's area |
| spech and understanding are normal, but text and pictures make no sense | anomic aphasis |
| understandnig only 1st half of words or writing only consonants | other types of aphasia |
| a stroke patient can't talk, but can read and write, what part of brain is damaged? | brocas |
| categorical hemisphere | left |
| specialized for spoken and written language, sequential analytical reasonsing and analyze data in linear way | left, categorial hemisphere |
| percieves information holistically, perception of spatial relationships, pattern, conparison of special senses, imagination and insight, music and artistic skill | right, representational hemisphere |
| right hemisphere | representational hemisphere |
| highly correlated with handedness | 91% right handed people with left side categorical, cerebral lateralization |
| develops with age? | lateralization |
| trauma more problems in males since females have more communication between hemisphere | lateralization with aged |
| who uses brain more on both sides? | women |
| what is thicker posteriorly in girls | corpus callosum, allows for better cerebral communication |
| muscular incoordination, damage to brain area during fetal development | cerebral palsy |
| damage to brain during fetal development | cerebral palsy |
| damage to brain from blow to head | concusion |
| loss of consciousness, visual/equilibrium disturbances | concusion |
| inflammation of brain due to infection | encephalitis |
| neuronal degradation, necrosis, causes delirium, seizures, death | encephalitis |
| sudden massive discharge of neurons, cause seizures | epilepsy |
| can result from trauma, drugs, infections, congenital brain malformations | epilepsy |
| accompanied with nausea, vomiting, dizziness, aversion to light, photosensitivity | migrane |
| thought disorder involving delusions | schizophrenia |
| if you ses someone exhibiting inappropriate behavior, possible lesino in ? | frontal lobe |
| which part of brain stem contains cardiac center, vasomotor center, two respiratory centers? | medulla oblongata |
| which part of brainstem has nuclei with sleep, hearing, balance, taste, eye movements, facial expression, repiration, and swallowing? | pons |
| input and output are ipsilateral except which two cranial nerves? | optic II, and trochlear, IV |
| nerve for sense of smell | I |
| olfactory nerve | I |
| damage causes impaired sense of smell | olfactory nerve, I |
| representational hemisphere is where all following percieved except: art, music, comparative sensory information, math, insignt | math |
| provides vision | optic nerve (II) |
| damage causes blindness in visual field | optic nerve II |
| responsible for eye movement | oculomotor nerve III |
| reponsible for opening eyelid | oculomotor nerve III |
| responsible for contriction of pupil and focusing | oculomotor nerve III |
| purely motor nerve of the eye | oculomotor nerve III |
| damage to this area causes drooping eyelids | oculomotor nerve III |
| damage to this area causes dilated pupils | oculomotor nerve III |
| damage to this area causes double vision, focusing problems, and inability to move eye in certain directions | oculomotor nerve III |
| eye movement of superior oblique muslce | trochlear nerve IV |
| damage to this nerve causes double vision and inability to rotate eye inferolaterally (down and out to the side) | trochlear nerve IV |
| when you have double vision, how can you test to see what nerve is damaged? | test for movement down and out to the side (trochlear nerve IV) or see if you have trouble focusing, dilated pupils, or drooping eyelide (oculomotor III) |
| sensory nerve to face | trigeminal nerve (V) |
| CN V | trigeminal nerve |
| enables mastication (chewing) | trigeminal nerve |
| damage produces loss of sensation and impaired chewing | trigeminal nerve (V) |
| a sensory and motor nerve involved in eating | trigeminal nerve (V) |
| CN VI | abducens nerve |
| CN VII | facial nerve |
| motor nerve for lateral rectus muscle | abducens nerve, VI |
| damage results in inability to rotate ye laterally and at rest eye rotates medially | abducens nerve, VI |
| have crossed eyes or both eyes crossed if damage occurs to this nerve | abducens VI |
| motor and sensory nerve that enables taste | facial nerve VII |
| facial expressions, salivary glands and tear, nasal, and palatine glands | facial nerve, VII |
| sensory nerve on anterior 2/3 of tongue | facial nerve, VII |
| CN VIII | vestibulocochlear nerve |
| sensory nerve provides hearing and equillibrium | vestibulocochlear nerve , VIII |
| damage to this nerve can cause deafness | vestibulocochlear nerve, VIII |
| damage to this nerve can cause dizziness and nausea | vestibulocochlear VIII |
| nystagmus from damage to _______)___ nerve | vestibulocochlear |
| responsible for swallowing, salivation, gagging, control of BP and repirationt | glossopharyngeal nerve |
| CN IX | glossopharyngeal |
| senation from posterior 1/3 of tongue | glossopharyngeal |
| the glossopharyngeal and facial nerves are both involved in taste, how is the tongue divided among them? | anterior 2/3 is facial; posterior 1/3 is glossopharyngeal |
| damage to this nerve results in loss of bitter and sour taste and impaired swallowing | glossopharyngeal |
| glossopharyngeal is | sensory/motor IX nerve |
| vagus nerve is | senory/motor X nerve |
| CN X | vagus nerve |
| nerves involved in swallowing | vagus X, accessory XI, glossopharyngeal IX, and hypoglossal XII |
| regulation of viscera | vagus nerve |
| damage can be hoarsenss, or loss of voice, impaired swallowing | vagus X |
| fatal if both are cut | vagus X |
| what is the location of origin of abducens, trigeminal, and facial nerves? | pons |
| origin of vagus, hypoglossal, and accessory nerve | medulla |
| sits near branch of optic chasm | infundibulum |
| CN XI | accessory nerve |
| swallowing, head, neck and shoulder movement | accessory nerve XI |
| damage to this nerve causes impaired head, neck, shoulder movement | accessory nerve |
| motor only nerve, neck | accessory XI |
| nerve connects to sternocleiodmastoid and trapezius | accessory |
| superior to the cribiform plate of ethmoid bone | olfactory nerve I |
| this surrounds the pituitary gland and provides vision | optic nerve II |
| three nerves that pass through the superior orbital fissure | oculomotor III and trochlear IV and abducens nerve VI |
| has a superior and inferior branch and passes through the superior orbital fissure | oculomotor nerve III |
| attaches to superior oblique muscle of eye | trochlear nerve IV |
| attaches to masseter muscle | trigeminal nerve |
| attaches to lateral rectus muscle | abducens VI |
| nerve next to stylomastoid foramen | facial VII |
| nerve that attaches to cochlea | vestibulocochlear nerve VIII |
| 2 nerves that attaches to tongue | glossopharyngeal nerve IX and hypoglossal nerve XII |
| tongue movements for speech, food manipulation, swallowing | hypoglossal nerve |
| CN XII | hypoglossal nerve XII |
| prevents tongue protrusions if damaged | hypoglossal nerve XII |
| if one side of hypoglossal nerve is damaged, the tongue protrudes towards the _________ side | injured side |
| if one side of hypoglossal nerve is damaged, the tongue goes to the damaged side, this is called | ipsilateral atrophy |
| ipsilateral atrophy results from damage to ... | hypoglossal nerve XII |
| attacks of pain with unknown cause | trigeminal neuralgia |
| to treat this stabbing pain cutting the nerve may be necessary | trigeminal neuralgia |
| one of the most painful disorders | trigeminal neuralgia |
| paralysis of facial muscle caused by facial nerve problems | bell's palsy |
| symptoms include pain, tearing, drooling, hypersensitivity to sound, impaired taste | bell's palsy |
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