Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
mid-term
science test 1/16 midterm 2015
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Science? | knowledge gained through observation and experimentation |
| What are the three main categories? | biological science, physical science, and earth science |
| Can three main categories be combined? | yes |
| What is scientific? | observable, measurable, predictable events |
| What is non-scientific? | cannot be measured, observed, or predicted |
| What is pure science? | searching for scientific knowledge |
| What is technology? | application of science |
| What is the scientific law? | does not explain why or how, tells you what will happen |
| What is scientific theory? | explains why or how/ been tested and proven many times |
| What are scientific models? | represents an object / event so it can be studied for the real object |
| What is quantitative? | numbers / measurable |
| What is qualitative? | description / words/ observed |
| What is scientific principle? | based on scientific laws |
| What is observation? | observing something carefully to get info |
| What is bias? | scientist expects will change depending on the view of the results |
| What is inference? | conclusion based on evidence / observation (reasoning) |
| What is fact? | truth known by observation / experience |
| What is scientific method? | series of logical steps in order to solve a probelm |
| What is control? | standards which tests are compared too |
| What is control group? | factors kept the same |
| What is experimental group? | same factor being tested again ( but same is control group ) |
| What is variable? | factors that do not change |
| What is a testable question? | measure results, answered by investigation, not answered with "yes or no", does not ask to perform |
| What is the dependent variable? | the thing being tested |
| What is the independent variable? | a thing that is changed |
| What is hypothesis? | a tentative statement that is possible explanation to the same phenomenon |
| How do you write a formal hypothesis? | If DV is related to the IV then changes in the IV will result in changes in the DV |
| What is extrapolate? | extended beyond graph |
| What is interpolate? | predicted date between 2 pts |
| What is an anomalous pt? | random point |
| What is line graph? | straight line |
| What is a bar graph? | compare whole number / not used for rate of change |
| What is a circle graph? | described part of the whole / 100% |
| What is a histogram? | looks like bar graph / ranges of data |
| What is title? | statement of what you are testing ( IV and DV ) |
| What is an abstract? | brief summary ( purpose, techniques, results ) |
| What is the purpose? | why the experiment happened / testable question |
| What is the background? | info to understand / tells why |
| What is the hypothesis? | "If....Then..." (IV and DV) |
| What are the materials? | list of things of needed |
| What is the procedure? | steps to perform experiment |
| What is the observations? | description of what observed/ Qualitative data |
| What is data? | measurable observations / Quatitative data |
| What is analysis of data? | graphs / drawing of data |
| What is the discussion? | hypothesis was supported, sources of error, why results occurred, things you can improve |
| What is the literature cited? | identity all sources of data |
| What is precision? | reproducible, repeatability, how close the measurement |
| What is accuracy? | how close the measurement is to the true value |
| How do you add SF? | count least amt of decimal places |
| How to subtract SF? | count the least amt of SF |
| How do you multiply SF? | multiply coefficients, write correct amt of SF, add exponents ( if wrong SF or scientific notation, move to the left add, move to the right to subtract ) |
| How do you divide SF? | divide coefficients, write in correct SF, subtract exponents, write proper scientific notation |
| What is Chemistry? | Matter and how it changes |
| What is Mass? | Measurement amount of matter |
| What is Matter? | Anything with mass/occupies space |
| What is an Element? | Substance made up of one kind of atom |
| What is an Atom? | Smallest particle that has properties of an element |
| What is a Compound? | Substance made of an atom more than one element chemically bound together in fixed composition/proportion |
| What is Energy? | Ability to change and move matter |
| What is Potential Energy | Stored energy due to its position |
| What is the Kinetic Theory? | 1) All matter is made of up atoms and molecules act like they are tiny particles 2) Tiny particles are in constant motion 3) Small temperature more massive heavier particles move slower and than less massive particles |
| What is Activation Energy? | The energy needed to start a reaction |
| What are the Laws of Thermodynamics? | First Law--energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but can be changed from one form to another. Second Law--no energy exchange is 100% efficient |
| What is the Conservation of Energy? | Energy cannot be created or destroyed |
| What is the Conservation of Mass? | Mass cannot be created or destroyed |
| What is a solid? | Rigid structure, definite shape. |
| What is a liquid? | In more motion flow and easily slide, particles, definite volume. Takes shape into a container. |
| What is a gas? | Particles are far apart. No definite volume. No specific shape. |
| What is Viscocity? | The resistance of fluid to flow. |
| What is Plasma? | Fast moving electrons and irons. Common in the universe, but not common in the earth. |
| What is Endothermic? | gaining energy |
| What is Exothermic? | loosing energy |
| What is melting? | Solid ---- into a liquid |
| What is melting? | Solid ---- into a liquid |
| What is a evaporation? | Liquid -- into a gas |
| What is sublimation? | Solid -- into a gas |
| What is freezing? | Liquid -- into a solid |
| What is condensation? | Gas --- into a liquid |
| What is deposition? | Gas ---- into a solid |
| What is a physical property? | Observe / measured without changes the substance |
| What is physical changes? | Change in the physical form or properties of a substance without a change in chemical composition |
| What is chemical properties? | Ability of how a substance changes into a new one. |
| What is chemical change? | Change where new substance is formed with a different properties. |
| What is intensive property? | Not affected by size of sample |
| What is extensive property? | Dependent on size of sample. |
| What is a reactants? | Substances that undergo a chemical change |
| What is a Product? | Formed as a result of a chemical change. |
| What is Photosynthesis? | 6CO2 + 6H20 + Sunlight ==> C6H12O6 +6O2 |
| What is Cellular Respiration? | C6H1206 + 6O2 ==> 6H20 + 6C02 + Energy |
| What is density? | M/V, Physical and Intensive Property, low density="light" or "float", high density "heavy" or "sink" |
| What is a metal? | Good conductors of heat and electricity |
| What is a non-metal? | Poor conductors of heat and electricity |
| What is metalloid? | Can be both/intermediate conductors/electricity |
| What is Valence Shell? | Outer orbital |
| What is nucleus? | Central part of the atom/subatomic (protons and neutrons) |
| What is proton? | Charge: positive mass: 1.673 x 10 to -27 kilograms properties: Identity of an atom |
| What is neutron? | Mass: 1.675 x 10 to -27 kilograms properties: Radiological properties and isotope form |
| What is Electron? | Charge: - Mass: 9.109 x 10 to -31 kilograms properties: chemical reactivity |
| What is Atomic Number? What is | Z, number of protons. |
| What is a Mass Number? | A, neutrons of an atom |
| What is a Isotope? | Items of the same element but with different number of neutrons. |
| What is a Radiation? | Energy emitted from a substance. |
| What is Ionizing Radiation? | Capable of producing of ions by removing electrons of an atom. |
| What is Non-Ionizing Radiation? | Ex: Microwaves, radiowaves, television, light |
| What is Radioisotopes? | Unstable isotope |
| What is Radioactive Decay? | Particles emitted from the nucleus and change the atom to a new element/new isotope of same element |
| How was radiation discovered? | Henri Becqueral - French scientist first to discover radioactive materials in 1896. Pierr and Marie Curie worked with uranium ore and pure uranium. Also discovered radium and polonium. |
| What is a half life? | Time required for amount of radioactive materials to decrease by one half. |
| What is alpha particle? | Most massive, charge =+2, made of 2 protons and 2 neutrons, same nucleus of helium |
| What is beta particle? | Fast moving electrons charge: -1, neutrons, nucleus splits into proton and neutron |
| What is a gamma ray? | not a particle, no mass, form of energy (eletromagnetic), more energy than light or x-rays, does not altar particles of nucleus, travels far neeeds 60 cm of Al or 7 cm of lead to stop, because they have energy they can ionize other atoms |
| What are dangers of radioiostopes? | can cause cancer and DNA damage |
| what is radiation dose? | amount of ionizing radiation that observed by your body |
| What is background radiation? | radiation from cosmic rays and from radioactivity |
| What are the uses of radioisotopes? | sterilize food, medical detection of diseases and treatment of cancer, traces of research, traces of water, smoke detectors, archeological dating of materials, density gauge in industry to measures thickness where contact gauges cannot be used, nuclearpow |
| Who is quantum concept? | Opposite of light, energy not continuous, but small bundles as wave and particle nature, individual unit is known as a photon. |
| Facts about energy levels | Electrons will have a "low" (ground) and "excited" state. Electrons will go between ground and excited states. When they go down to the ground state, they emit the energy as a photon of light energy. |
| What are spectral lines? | energy emitted is quantized not continuous spectrum, each element produces a unique set of spectral lines. |
| What are orbitals? | Three dimensional regions of space. Orbits and Orbitals are different. Orbits are specific paths. |
| What is the uncertainty principle? | Currently impossible to know the position, location, and momentum of an electron. |
| What is a Valence Shell? | Outermost of an atom. |
| What is a Valence Electron? | Electrons in the outermost cell. |
| What is a Period Relationship of Electron Shell? | Row in the periodic table is equal to a new electron shell. |
| What is a Series Relationship of Electron Shell? | Column in the periodic table has same number of valence electrons. |
| What is the Rule of Octect? | How the eight electrons in the valence shell. |
| What is the Number of Electrons in the First Four Shells? | First Shell: 2 Second Shell: 8 Third Shell: 18 Fourth Shell: 32 |
| What is Bohr Diagram? | Determines which period your element is in. |
| What is the Lewis Dot Diagram? | Displays the Valence Electrons only. |
| What is a Subshell and Sublevel Order? | Electrons occupy energy sublevels within each energy level, the order of the sublevel filling is arranged according to increasing energy. The sublevels are: S, P, D, F |
| What is the Maximum Electron Amount Per Sublevel? | One = 2 Electrons, Three = 6 Electrons, Five = 10 Electrons, Seven= 14 Electrons |
| What is Electron Configuration? | A list of sublevels with electrons, the periodic table is divided into four blocks. |
| What is ionization? | the process of adding or removing electrons from an atom or group of atoms ( atoms that do not filled valence shells may undergo ionization ) |
| What is an ion? | a charged atom |
| What is a neutral atom vs. charges atom | a neutral atom has lost of gained one or more electrons; if an atom gains or looses an electron it is no longer is neutral ( # p and # e are not equal ) |
| What is the nuclear symbol and the charge? | in example: Mg---top- 24, bottom-12, charge- top left +2 |
| What is cation? | positively charged ion ( less electrons than protons ) |
| What is anion? | negatively charged ion ( more electrons than protons ) |
| How do you name a cation? | uses the name of the parent atom; in example: Na + is called Sodium ion |
| How do you name an anion? | use the root name of the atom and change the ending to have the suffix "-ide"; in example: F- is called Fluoride |
| What are chemical bonds? | a force that holds atoms or ions together so they can obtain eight electrons in their valence shells |
| What are metal-metal combinations ( Alloys )? | form metallic bonds, can conduct electricity, do not write formulas for them since not exact ratios of atoms; in example: Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc |
| What are non-metal to metal-metal combinations? | electrons transferred from one atom to the other, one gains electrons and the other has a loss of electrons ( forms ions ), new compound held together by the attraction between the negative and positive ions, and new compound is electrically neutral |
| What is ionic bonds? | formed by the attraction between oppositely charged ions ( one is positive and one is negative ) |
| What is metals? | loose electrons to become positive ions ( cations ) |
| What is non-metals? | gain electrons to become negative ions ( anions ) |
| What do chemical formulas show? | the amount of each kind of atom in a compound |
| What element comes first? | cation on the left and anion of right; in example: K I |
| What are covalent bonds? | formed by atoms sharing electrons ( non-metal to non-metal combo ) |
| What are two different types of covalent bonds? | [ type depends on the electronegativity between atom ] polar covalent and non- polar covalent bonds |
| What is electronegativity? | attraction of an atom for an electrons ( increases as you go across and up the periodic table ) |
| What are polar-covalent bonds ? | unequal sharing of electrons, electrons clouds over lap ( 1 of the involved atoms having a higher electronegativity ), uneven distributed of the electron charge, molecules will have charged regions |
| What are non-polar bonds ? | " no pull ", equal sharing electrons, no charged regions, atoms with same or close electronagivity, symmetrical in sharp |
| How do identify if compound formula is ionic or covalent? | refer to notes |
| What are hydrogen bonds? | attraction between molecules ( not atoms ) that are polar covalently bonded; weakest of all chemical bonds, very important for life, and responsible for unique properties ( water, structure of proteins, and shape of DNA ) |
| KNOW THE DIAGRAMS OF BOND TYPES | refer to notes |
| What is chemical reactions? | process by which chemical changes occur; rearrangement of atoms |
| What is in a chemical reaction? | bonds between atoms are broken, atoms remain intact, new bonds are formed, conservation of mass |
| What is chemical equation? | a symbolic representation of chemical reaction |
| What is balanced chemical equation? | same number of each type of atom on each side of equation (refer to notes to know how ) |
| What is the reactants? | the left side of the equation |
| What is the product? | the right side of the equation |
| What are the factors that increase a reaction rate? | the temp ( molecules more faster ), the surface area ( more area to make contact ), concentration ( more molecules to collide ), pressure ( greater chance for collision ) |
| What are catelysts? | substances that change the rate of the chemical reactions without entering into the reaction ( not reactant or product; reduces the activation energy needed for the reaction so it happens more quickly ) |
| What are enzymes? | part of our body ( proteins ) that speeds up complicated reactions that are too slow at our normal body temp. |
| What is inhibitor? | inactivities; hold that reactant from reacting with other substances; in example: decreases temp of food and decreases the bacteria rate |
| What is organic chemistry? | the study of compounds containing carbon, was only living organisms, human substance ( such as plastics ) many organics are hydrocarbons ( contain H- C ) |
| What is inorganic chemistry? | the study of non hydrocarbon compounds ( non biological orgins ) |
| What the is the percent of water that covers the earth | 75% but less than 1 % of the Earths total volume |
| What is the percent of saline water? | 97% of the earths water |
| What is the percent of fresh water? | 3% of the earths water |
| What is the fresh water percent glacier? | 69% |
| What is the percent is ground water? | 30% |
| What is percent is surface water, streams, and ponds? | 1% |
| What is the percent for human drink-age/ | less than 1% |
| What is the percent an adult average daily use per day? | 100 gallons |
| What is the percent of amount of water in organism/ | 75% of living tree is water, 80% of bacteria, and 75% human brain and muscles |
| What is hydrologic cycle? | the continous movement of water form the artompsphere to the earth and back |
| What is the evaporation? | the change in water from a liquid to gas |
| What is transpiration? | the evaporation of water through the pores of plant leaves |
| What is condensation? | change form gas to liquid |
| What is percipitation? | any form of water that falls back to the earths surface from the atomsphere ( rain or snow etc ) |
| What is a runoff? | water that drains of flows off the land surface ( ex. ponds or rivers , etc ) |
| What is infiltration? | water that seeps into ground |
| What is aquifer? | layers of earth that contains water; under ground water reservoir |
| What is ground water? | water contained in an aquifer |
| What is the water structure regarding charging and hydrogen bonds? | a water molecule is polar covently bonded with charged regions and water molecules are hydrogen bonded ( + and - charges attract ) |
| is water a universal solvent? | yes |
| why is water the universal solvent? | it dissolves more substances than any other liquid, water goes through the ground or through our bodies it takes along valuable chemicals, minerals, and nutrients, water is rarely "pure" bc it usually has minerals dissolved in it |
| What is a solution? | Mixture of substances that are evenly spread throughout each other. Particles in a solution are: Molecular or ionic. |
| What does dissolves mean? | Breaks into the smallest particles of the substance. |
| What is soluable? | Capable of being dissolved. |
| Solvent vs. solute? | Solvent: Part of the solution that does the dissolving, larger amount. Solute: Part of the solution that is dissolved; usually the smaller amount. Ex.: Salt in water. |
| Hydrophilic vs. Hydrophobic | Hydrophilic: "love water", dissolve in water. Hydrophobic: "dislikes water" does not dissolve in water. |
| Electrolytes | |
| Water interacting with: iconic compounds | compound will break down into ions, hydrophilic, forms electrolytes, ions attracted to ends of water molecules with opposite charge. Ending solution is a mixture of ions and water molecules. |
| Water interacting with: polar molecules | Will interact with water, hydrophilic, dissolves in water, the polar covalent regions are attracted to the water. Ex: sugar in water. |
| Water interacting with: non polar molecules | Will not interact with water, hydrophobic, does not dissolve in water. Ex: Oil and fats |
| What is adhesion? | Attraction between dissimilar substances. Ex: Water with glass, your hand on paper. |
| What is cohesion? | Attraction between similar substances; force that holds water to itself. Explains why water will bead up. |
| What is surface tension? | The cohesion of water molecules at the surface of a body of water, molecules cohere to one another strongly because no water is above them. |
| What is capillary action? | Tendency of water to move up an narrow tube against the force of gravity; above movement of water due to cohesion and adhesion. Ex: roots of a plant |
| How does water expand as it freezes an it is less dense than liquid water? | Substances become denser when frozen, ice is less dense than water, water is most dense at 4 degree C and less than 1 gm OC |
| How does floating ice help aquatic life? | Allows living things to live in water, keeps water below warmer temperatures |
| What is specific heat? | Amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 KG of substances 1 degree, Calvin (Calvin = contrigrade + 273. Refer to notes. |
| What is lake turnover? | Happens in "Spring and Fall, in summer surface is warmer, as surface cools in Fall it becomes more dense than water below it area therefore, sinks. Fall wins. Help circulation. |
| why does it take water longer to heat up, once it does the retaining? | because of the high specific heat |
| How is the beach day look like considering specific heat? | sand heats quicker; warm air from sand heats aid above it and causes the air to rise. Then the cooler air above the water flows in towards the beach ( wind moves left towards the ocean and heat moves up towards the sand ) |
| How is the beach night look like considering specific heat? | sands cools quicker; cool air from sand is more dense and pushes out over the ocean ( heat moves up in the ocean and the wind moves left in the sand ) |
| What are acids? | contain one hydrogen atom that dissociates ( can be removed ) when the acid is dissolved in water ( hydrogen is released as H+ [ hydrogen ion ] known as proton donors ) |
| What will happen to acids to solution regarding concentration? | it will increase the concentration of H+ |
| what happens when H+ interact with water? | to form H30+ ions called hydronium ions ( acids increase the concentration of hydronium ions [ h30 + ] when dissolved in water |
| what are properties of acids? | electrolyte, pH less than 7, sour taste ( lemon ) corrosive: can react with metals to form H2 gas, react with carbonates to form carbon dioxide, can be dangeous + burn skin, and turns litmus paper blue |
| What are examples of acids? | refer to notes |
| What are strength of acids? | extent to which the acid dissociates determines it strength ( polar water allows for acids to dissolves ) |
| What is a strong acid? | dissociates completely in a solvent |
| What is a weak acid? | releases few hydrogen ions in the solution ( lower pH the stronger the acid ) |
| What does a strong completely dissociate and weak acid partially dissociate look like? | refer to notes |
| How do the strong and concentration differ? | strong is referring to how the acid dissociate and the concentration refers to the amount |
| What is acid mine drainage? | streams become more acidic and removes minerals from the rocks, minerals can be dangeous, kills aquatic life |
| What is acid rain? | wet and dry deposition that contains sulfuric acid in it |
| What is wet and dry depostition? | refer to packet |
| What are bases? | any substance that forms hydroxide ions ( OH- ) in a water solution, accepts H+ ions, decreases H+ in a solution, when a base is added to a solution it will increases the number of hydroxide ions in a solution |
| What are the properties of a base? | bitter, pH greater than 7, slippery or soapy, cause burns, litmus paper blue |
| What are examples of bases? | refer to notes |
| What are the strengths of bases? | strong bases completely dissociate in a solution or weak bases do not completely dissociate |
| What is pH stand for? | in french "pouvior hydrogen" meaning hydrogen power, hydrogen concentration |
| What is pH's definition? | measurement of the amount of hydrogen ions ( H+ ) in a solution; it is a logerithmic scale based on the power of 10 ( the unit decreases in pH equals a ten fold increases in acicity ) |
| Which is more acidic the solution with A of a pH of 6 or solution B with a pH of 4? how much? | Solution B, A is 100 x less acidic than solution B |
| What is the range for pH for H+ and OH-? | 1-7 is H+ and 7-14 is OH-, 7 even is water, it always has to equal 14 when doing calcs ( 1 x 10 -4 and 1 x 10 -5 ) |
| What is the pH of human blood? | 7.35-7.45 |
| What is the pH of aquatic life? | 6.5-8.0 |
| What are salts? | an ionic compound composed of a cation from a base and an anion from an acid ( group 1 and group 17 ) |
| What is the neutralization reaction? | combining of an acid and base of equal and opposite strengths to form a salt and water, anion from an acid combines with a cation from the base to produce an ionic compound ( salt ), h+ ions from acid combine with OH- ions of base to produce water |
| What are buffers? | substances that prevent drastic changes in the pH of a solution |
| What do buffers absorb? | H+ or OH- with litter change in pH |
| What do buffers buy time? | to make adjustments and return its pH to the normal range |
| What is the bicarbnate system or and what is it? | in our bodies that make strong acids weaker and strong bases weaker, it is in our blooodstream carry out C02 out our bodies |
| Does life rely on this bicabante system? | yes many life forms thrive on a small pH range and rely on a buffer system |
| What is alkalinity? | the capacity of water to neutralize or buffer acids to maintain a fairly stable pH range in water ( buffer combines with H+ ions and protects the body of water ) |
Created by:
flanstan
Popular Science sets