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Earthquakes
Prentice Hall Inside Earth
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| earthquake | the shaking that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth's surface |
| stress | a force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume |
| shearing | stress that pushes a mass of rock in opposite directions |
| tension | stress that stretches rock so that it becomes thinner in the middle |
| compression | stress that squeezes rock until it folds or breaks |
| deformation | a change in the volume or shape of Earth's crust |
| fault | a break in Earth's crust where slabs of rock slip past each other |
| strike-slip fault | a type of fault where rocks on either side move past each other sideways (horizontally) with little up-or-down motion as a result of shearting |
| normal fault | a type of fault where the hanging wall slides downward below the footwall as a result of tension |
| reverse fault | a type of fault where the hanging wall slides upward above the footwall as a result of compression |
| Elastic rebound | the tendency of a deformed rock along a fault to spring back after an earthquake. |
| Foreshocks | small earthquakes that happen prior to a major earthquake |
| seismogram | written record of ground motion during an earthquake - records all three seismic waves - P, S, Surface |
| seismic gap | an area along a fault where no earthquake activity has been recorded for a long period of time. |
| creep meter | measures horizontal movement of the ground |
| hanging wall | the block of rock that forms the upper half of a fault |
| footwall | the block of rock that forms the lower half of a fault |
| focus | the point benearth Earth's surface where rock breaks under stress and causes an earthquake |
| epicenter | the point on Earth's surface directly above an earthquake's focus |
| seismic waves | a vibration that travels through Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake |
| P waves | a type of seismic wave that compresses and expands the ground - primary wave |
| S waves | a type of seismic wave that moves the ground up and down or side to side - secondary wave |
| Surface waves | a type of seismic wave that forms when P waves and S waves reach Earth's surface |
| seismograph | a device that records ground movements caused by seismic waves as they move through Earth |
| magnitude | the measurement of an Earthquake's strength based on sismic waves and movement along faults. |
| Mercalli scale | a scale that rates earthquakes according to their intensity and how much damage they cause |
| Richter scale | a scale that rates seismic waves as measured by a particular type of mechanical seismograph |
| moment magnitude scale | a scale that rates earthquakes by estimating the total energy released by an earthquake |
| liquefaction | the process by which an earthquake's violent movement suddenly turns loose soil into liquid mud |
| aftershock | an earthquake that occurs after a large earthquake in the same area |
| tsunamis | a large wave produced by an earthquake on the ocean floor |
| Tiltmeter | measures tilting of the ground - similar to a level. Measurements are compared to calculate movement. |
| geologist | scientists that study the forces that make and shape Earth. |
| Lithosphere | rigid layer that consists of the uppermost layer of the mantle and the crust. Floats on top of the astheonosphere. |
| Astheonosphere | lower portion of the mantle is hotter and under more pressure - material is soft and flexible |
Created by:
melaniebird
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