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cp Ch 4
minerals
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cleavage | the manner in which a mineral breaks along planes where atomic bonding is weak |
| crystal | solid in which atoms are arranged in geomietric repeating patterns |
| fracture | when a mineral breaks into pieces with arc-like, rough or jagged edges |
| hardness | measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched, determined by the arrangement of mineral's atoms |
| luster | the way a mineral refects light from its surface |
| metallic luster | when the mineral reflects light like a polished metal |
| non-metallic luster | when mineral doesn't reflect light like a metal at all (glassy, dull, pearly, earthy) |
| mineral | naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a specific chemical composition and a definite cryatalline structure |
| specific gravity | ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of H2O at 4 degrees C |
| mass | weight at a universal level |
| volume | the space something takes up |
| H20 | water |
| streak | color a mineral leaves when it rubbed across an un-glazed porcelain plate or when it is broken up and powdered |
| gem | rare, precious, highly prized mineral that can be cut, polished, and used for jewlery |
| ore | mineral that contains a valuable substance that can be mined at a profit |
| silicate | mineral that contains silicon (Si), oxygen (O), and usually one or more other elements |
| tetrahedron | a geometric solid having four sides that are equilateral triangles |
| double refraction | light bent in two directions |
| calcite | bubbles when it comes in contact with hydrochloric acid because the calcite releases |
| Lodestone | mineral with a magnetic property |
| effervescence | bubbly quality |
| hailite | when dropped, is broken both horizontally and vertically |
| Mohs Scale of Mineral Hardness | a scale that rates minerals on how hard they are by how they scratch, usually tested on glass (contains 10 minerals and use .5's) |
| inorganic | not alive, never was alive (2nd required characteristic of a mineral) |
| sugar | an organic compound |
| salt | an inorganic compound |
| chemical composition | what a mineral is made up of: could be one or many elements |
| liquid | does not have definite volume or shape (can't be a mineral) |
| open space | large unlimited space |
| restricted space | small, limited space |
| clear, crystal quartz | formed in open space |
| cloudy, pinkish, milky quartz | formed in restricted space and poorly shaped |
| feldspars | a group of rock forming minerals and considered minerals even though compositions can vary |
| unsaturated solution | can continue to dissolve minerals, so mineral crystals can't precipitate |
| dissolved elements | minerals can form from this in a solution if liquid is saturated |
| magma | molten material that forms and accumulates below Earth's surface |
| naturally occuring | not man made (1st required characteristic of mineral) |
| solid | definite shape and volume (3rd required characteristic of a mineral) |
| specific chemical composition | made up of a specific combination of elements |
| definite crystalline structure | atoms arrange themselves into structures (5th required characteristic of mineral |
| scc (sally cans canteloupe) | specific chemical composition (4th required characteristic of mineral) |
| magma reaches earth's crust before crystallizing | it cools quickly and forms small mineral crystals |
| magma crystallizes in Earth's heated interior | it cools slowly and large mineral crystals form |
| minerals can form from two substances | magma and solution |
| evaporites | the minerals that form when saturated liquid evaporates |
| porcelain | a white substance - plates and toilets are made of glazed porcelain. |
| exhibited | publicaly displayed |
| synthetic diamonds | diamonds that were made in labratories |
| coal | not a mineral because it is organic |
| copper,silver, sulfer | single element compounds |
| plagioclase feldspar | ranges from low temperatures(sodium-rich albite) to high temperatures (calcium-rich anorthite) |
| sodium-rich albite | low temeratures |
| calcium-rich anorthite | high temperatures |
| albite, oligoclase, labradorite, anorthite | plagioclase feldspars |
| granite | mineral crystals are a result in cooling magma |
| quartz | six sided, double pointed crystal |
| silver,copper, gold, galena | metallic luster |
| calcite, gypsum, sulfur, quartz | non-metallic luster |
| sphalerite | mineral with metallic luster, not metal |
| talc | one of the softest minerals, greasy texture |
| flint, jasper, and chapcedony | have a unique fracture called conchoidal |
| hematite | two distinctive appearances, rusty red and has an earthy feel |
| rose quartz | contains magnesium, titanium, and some forms of iron |
| color | one of the least reliable clues of a mineral's identity |
| identification properties | magnetism, striations, double refraction |
| fluorite | smooth texture |
| density of pyrite | 5.2 g/cm3 |
| density of gold | 19.3 g/cm3 |
| second most common elements in Earth's crust | silicon |
| most common element in Earth's crust | oxygen |
| dominate mineral in rock limestone | calcite |
| group calcite is in | carbonites |
| formula of density | m/v= ___g/cm3 |
| what causes galena to break into tiny cubes | crystal structure |
| what classifies minerals into groups | chemical composition |
| mineral that can't be found by streak | feldspar |
| what forms quartz, feldspar, amphibole, and olivine | temperature of magma |
| why are rubies and sapphires different colors | they have different trace elements |
| two examples of mineral corundum | rubies and sapphires |
| trace elements in rubies | chromium |
| trace elements in sapphires | cobalt and titanium |
| iceland spar | a form of calcite that exhibits double refraction |
| clear iceland spar | looking through it, you see double from refraction |
| diamond and graphite | have the same chemical composition |
| graphite | not a gem from lack of rarity and beauty |
| 7.5 | lowest hardness for sand paper |
| top 3 hardest minerals | diamond, corundum, topaz |
| trace elements | can determine value and color |
| pyrite | different streak than color |
| Is SiO2 still quartz with one less oxygen atom | no |
| open pit mining | used to mine on the surface |
| largest mineral group | silicates |
| why can mica flake easily | the way atoms bond(sheet tetrahedron) |
| characteristics of an ore | useful and mined for profit |
| what is one way a mineral can form from solution | liquid evaporation leaving sold contents to become a mineral (evaporite) |
Created by:
annpeterson
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