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Biology Chapter 4
Vocabulary
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | High-energy molecule that contains, within its bonds, energy that cells can use. |
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) | Low-energy molecule that can be converted to ATP. |
Chemosynthesis | Process by which ATP is synthesized by using chemicals as an energy source instead of light. |
Photosynthesis | Process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy; produces sugar and oxygen from carbon-dioxide and water. |
Chlorophyll | Light-absorbing pigment molecule in photosynthetic organisms. |
Thylakoid | Membrane-bound structure within chloroplasts that contains chlorophyll and other light-absorbing pigments used in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. |
Light-dependent reactions | Part of photosynthesis that absorbs energy from sunlight and transfers energy to the light-independent reactions. |
Light-independent reactions | Part of photosynthesis that uses energy absorbed during the light-dependent reactions to synthesize carbohydrates. |
Photosystem | Series of light-absorbing pigments and proteins that capture and transfer energy in the thylakoid membrane. |
Electron Transport Chain | Series of proteins in the thylakoid and mitochondrial membranes that aid in converting ADP to ATP by transferring electrons. |
ATP Synthase | Enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that adds a high-energy phosphate group to ADP to form ATP. |
Calvin Cycle | Process by which a photosynthetic organisms uses energy to synthesize simple sugars from CO2. |
Cellular respiration | Process of producing ATP by breaking down carbon-based molecules when oxygen is present. |
Aerobic | Process that requires oxygen to occur. |
Glycolysis | Anaerobic process in which glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate and two net ATP are produced. |
Anaerobic | Process that does not require oxygen to occur. |
Krebs Cycle | Process during cellular respiration that breaks down a carbon molecule to produce molecules that are used in the electron transport chain. |
Fermentation | Anaerobic process by which ATP is produced by glycolysis. |
Lactic Acid | Product of fermentation in many types of cells, including human muscle cells. |