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BSCS BIO CH 3
BSCS BIO chapter 3.1-3.4 review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| simplest living organism? | single-celled bacterium |
| cytoplasm? | cell interior |
| what is the cytoplasm surrounded by? | a wall of carbohydrates and proteins |
| membrane? | cell wall that protects the cell from its surroundings |
| what is the cell membrane made of | phospholipids |
| most important material for life that must enter each cell? | water |
| chemical reactions that are essential to life use what? | molecules that are soluble in water |
| what do cells use oxygen for? | for releasing energy that powers cellular reactions |
| name 6 ions... | Calcium, Hydrogen, Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride |
| cells of autotrophs bring carbon dioxide to create what? | food molecules |
| what do nutrients do for a cell? | supply energy, build material for cell components |
| are proteins and phospholipids solid? | no they are fluids |
| what does the membrane regulate? | the flow of substances into and out of the cell |
| what do non-polar phospholipid tails of lipid bi-layer do? | repel charged ions but allow fat soluble molecules to pass |
| what determines if a molecule can pass through a membrane? | polarity, size, electric charge |
| transport proteins? | protein that plays a role in the active or passive movement of specific substances through cell membranes |
| what is impeded in the membrane? | transport proteins |
| help what pass through the membrane? | charged molecules (ions) |
| some hormones need access to cells interior to do what? | transmit messages |
| by limiting entry, the membrane is... | selectively permeable |
| selectively permeable? | membranes regulate exchange of materials |
| some proteins embedded in membranes have what attached to them? | sugars |
| glycoproteins? | protein linked to a sugar or polysaccharides |
| glycoproteins are what on the outer surface of the cells? | components of receptor molecules |
| glycolipids? | lipid covalently linked to a sugar or polysaccharides |
| glycolipids are an important part of what? | animal cell membranes |
| glycoproteins and glycolipids act as what? | antennae that receive chemical messages from other cells |
| diffusion? | movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| are all molecules in constant motion? | yes, they move and collide |
| are there more molecules in higher concentration? if yes, then why? if no, then why? | yes, because it give more of a change for the molecules to move to an area of lower concentration |
| entropy of a system increases as... | diffusion occurs |
| after a system has reached equilibrium, there is less... | organization then when there was a concentration difference present |
| concentration gradient? | a difference in the concentration of a substance over a distance |
| concentration gradient can build up... | across the cell membrane |
| nerve impulses rely on the buildup of what? | electric potential |
| concentration gradients provide what type of energy and to do what? | potential energy and to drive many cellular processes such as some types of membrane transport |
| osmosis? | movement of water down its concentration gradient and movement of water across membranes |
| explain what happens when water enters a cell | water rushed in, cell swells dangerously, possibly breaking open |
| cells of plants, fugi, and bacteria are surrounded by a rigid cell wall that help do what? | protect them from too much swelling |
| what drives the water out, making the cells shrink? | glucose |
| turgor? | outward pressure of a cell against its cell wall |
| rate of diffusion including osmosis depends on? | size of concentration gradient (steeper gradient sends molecule down faster), and surface area of membrane (greater surface area, greater rate of diffusion) |
| passive transport? | diffusion without any input of energy |
| give an example of a simple diffusion, passive transport... | oxygen or carbon dioxide into or out of the cell |
| facilitated diffusion? | the spontaneous passage of molecules and ions, bound to specific carrier proteins, across a biological membrane down their concentration gradients |
| what does facilitated diffusion do? | makes transport more specific and speeds up rate, but it does not work against the gradient |
| active transport? | moves substances against their concentration gradients, thus requires energy |
| source of energy for active transport... | ATP hydrolysis and coupling the movement of one substance against its gradient to the movement of another down its gradient (some cells need to build large concentrations of amino acids or glucose) |
| many necessary substances could not enter or leave the cells without... | active transport |
| endocytosis? | useful way for unicellular organisms (amoebas), or very simple multi-cellular organisms to get food into their international environment |
| exocytosis? | helps remove waste materials |
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amv3x3
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