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Principles Ecology
Chapters on Climate to Intra-specific competition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| CHAPTER 3 Climate | |
| Define Weather | Temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine...and other atmospheric conditions at a given moment and time |
| Define Climate | Long-term trends. May be local, regional or global |
| What are 3 Seasonality Solar Radiations? | -Summer Solstice -Vernal and Autumnal equinoxes -Winter solstice |
| Oceanic Currents are influenced by what? | -Solar energy -Wind -Continental masses -Earth rotations |
| More light gets to the ground of what stand instead of deciduous stand? | Spruce |
| How long is the growing time window of spring plants in the forest? | its a short time window |
| What is the Circadian rhythym? | a 24 hour internal clock in all living creatures that tells us when to sleep and when to wake up |
| Salinity decreases at each poitn temperature of what? (Hint. water related) | solidification |
| What are the 6 properties of water? | -Calorific property (1 calory per 1g water/1 degree) -Heat buffer (80 calories to heat 1g ice/ 1 degree) -Evaporation (536 calories to evaporate 1g of water) -Viscosity -Surface tension -Capillarity |
| Each environment, in relation to water, has? | Different water flow |
| Define Temperature | Measure of the mean speed (cinetic energy) of atoms and molecules |
| Define Heat | Energy that can be transfered between objects due to a difference in temperature |
| What 4 things correspond to the Temperature of aquatic systems? | -Epilimnion -Metalimnion (thermocline) -Hypolimnion -Fall turnover |
| Energy exchange between environment and organisms has what 4 links? | -Evaporation -Conduction -Thermal radiation |
| What is Soil? | A natural product synthesized by the erosion of rock and action of living organisms |
| What is another way of explaining Soil? | A Collection of natural terrestrial units, composed of mineral and organic matter and capable of supporting plant growth |
| What is the 3rd wa of describing soil? | Unit (body) in 3D, large enough to study its physical and chemical properties (pedon) |
| What are 5 different ways Soil is formed? | -Bedrock -Time -Climate -Topography -Biotic factors |
| Describe Bedrock | Igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic =chemical composition |
| Name 3 different examples of Bedrock | -Silica (Precambrian Shield) -Lime (Niagara escarpment) -Loess |
| Topograhy is considered what? | Slopes (the arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area) |
| Slopes is equal to what? | erosion |
| Plains is equal to what? | Percolation |
| Define Percolation | Refers to the movement and filtering of fluids through porous materials |
| What are Biotic factors? | -Plants, animals, bacteria, fungi -Erosion, Aeration, Percolation |
| Define Erosion | when a natural element (wind, water...etc) gradually wear away or be destroyed |
| What is the Mechanical aspect of erosion? | -water -wind -temperature -fragmentation |
| What are some examples of Mechanical Erosion? | -Matter transported by wind (Loess) -Matter transported by water (Alluvions) -Matter transported by ice (Moraine (till)) -Acumulation of organic matter (Tourbe) -Material left in place (Residue) |
| What is a chemical aspect of Erosion? | When mosses and lichens produce acid that provokes a chemical change |
| The Horizon O of soil consists of what? | -Fresh material -Partly decomposed -High decomposition -Thickness variable |
| The Horizon A of soil consists of what? | Organic material, slowly mixing with mineral matter |
| What does the Horizon E of soil consist of? | -Clay -Leached iron -High percolation -Granular structure |
| What does Horizon B of soil consist of? | -Accumulation of alluvioons (siliclates, iron, clay, Al, humus) -Enriched horizon |
| What does Horizon C consist of? | Stagnation of eroded material above bedrock |
| What does horizon R consist of? | Intact bedrock |
| In soil what is a good indicator of its contents? | the colour |
| What does the Aggregation of particules do? | Gives a structure |
| What is the structure of soil influenced by? (Hint. 4 things) | -Texture -Plants -Living Organisms -Chemical composition |
| What are 6 different structures of soil? | -Prismatic -Columnar -Angular blocky -Subangular blocky -Platelike -Granular |
| What is the Depth of the soil influenced by? (Hint. 4 things) | -Slope -Erosion -Bedrock -Vegetation |
| What is usually typical of the soil in the prairies? | A greater depth |
| What is the soil like in a forest? | Relatively shallow |
| What is Retention Capacity? | The % of soil volume occupied by water relative to dry soil volume and is equal to the water contained in soil after gravitation |
| What happens in saturated soil? | The water volume is a lot higher and is all over the soil |
| What happens in retention capacity? | The water volume is smaller and the water encircles the soil particles |
| What is the Wilting point? | its at which there is the minimum water available to plants causing it to wilt |
| In relation to water retention, sandy soils in arid climates may contain what? | More water than clay soils |
| Name 4 different types of soils. | -Entisol (Dominance of soil materials, found in rocky soils) -Vertisol (Dark clay soils, wide deep cracks when dry) -Spodosol (ligh gray, whitish E horizon, high in extractable iron and aluminum) -Mollisol (surface horizons, soft, rich in bases) |
| North America has the majority of what types of soils? (2 major soils) | -Mollisols -Alfisols |
| What are the main 3 types of soils in Ontario? | -Podzols -Brunisols -Organics |
| What are 6 aspects of the Spodosols? | -Found in Coniferous forest -Contain Humus, Al and Fe -Bedrock acidic -Low Nutrients -Climate is humid and cool -Has slow decomposition |
| What are the 5 aspects of the Entisols? | -Found in Deciduous or mixed Forest -Ecotone fores-prairie, humid zones -Horizons little developed -Bedrock alcaline (carbonates depots) Wide variety of climates |
| What are the 6 aspects of Ultisols? | -Hot humid conditions -Important water table -Recurrent anoxia -Less acidic than spodosols -Accumulation of clay and iron -red tint |
| What are the 3 aspects of Histosols? | -Develops above organic material -More than 17% organic C -Saturated most of the year |
| What are the 5 aspects of Gelisols? | -Permafrost at 1-2m -Horizons disturbed -North of tree limit -In sub-arctic forests with a fine soul texture -Extends to boreal forest in some areas (ex Alps) |
| What are the 4 aspects of Vertisols? | -Rich in clay -Heavily cracked -Slow development -Alternance of structure with precipitation |
| CHAPTER 4 Adaptation of Plants | |
| What are the Primary Producers? What is special about them? | Autotrophs -Dont need other organisms as energy source -Draw their enerigy from inorganic molecules by photosynthesis (light): CO2 |
| What are Consumers? What is special about them? | Heterotrophs -Consume other organisms, living or dead |
| Plants use what various inorganic elements? | Micro-elements like Fe Macro-elements like C, O , H |
| How do plants draw inorganic nutrients? | From the soil through their roots |
| What happens during Photosynthesis (daytime)? | The synthesis of C molecules. C from CO2 and they Emanate O2 |
| What happens during Respiration (nightime) | Utilisation of O2, while releasing water and CO2 |
| What is Transpiration? | |
| What does the C4 plants have that C3 plants dont have? | C4 plants = Bundle sheaths |
| Where are C4 plants more common? | Warm climates |
| What is an example of a Sudbury C4 plant? | -Witch grass Panicum Capillare |
| What C4 plant is from the Wetlands? | Cyperus papyrus |
| What does thermoregulation mean? | the maintenance of internal body temeprature |
| What do Cushion plants do? | Trap heat |
| Can regions with cool summers and warmer winters hacve the same annual porduction as those with warm summers and cold winters? | Yes |
| What is the primary measure of annual heat load? | Degree-days |
| Some plants cultivated in areas of low productivity can have 80-90% of their biomass where? | In their roots |
| What does CAM stand for? | Crassulacean Acid Metabolism |
| What are 4 different types of CAM plants? | -Pineapple -Sedum acre -Opuntia ficus-indica -Crassula aquatica |
| What do CAM plants have? | More efficient water metabolism |
| What helps increase the rate of photosynthesis? | Concentration of nutrients |
| CHAPTER 5 Animal Adaptation | |
| What are 3 things obtained through food? | -Several amino acids -Fatty acids -Vitamins |
| What is the Biochemistry of Plants? | -Carbo-Hydrates (cellulose, starch), lignin -O, Mg, K (chlorophyl) |
| What is the Biochemistry of Mammals? | -Proteins and fats - N, P, S, Ca, Na, Cl |
| What are the 9 type of diets? | -Grazers -Browsers -Carnivores -Haematophages -Frugivores -Folivores -Granivores -Detritivores Entomophages |
| What are the animal primary consumers? | Herbivores |
| What are animal secondary consumers? | Carnivores |
| What are tertiary consumers in animals? | Predators of Predators |
| What are some examples of tertiary consumers? | -Omnivores (fox, bears) -Parasitic consumers (mosquitoes) |
| What are the 5 types of Herbivores? | -Grazers, browser (herbs and wood) -Granivores (seeds) -Frugivores (fruits) -Suckers, Nectarivores (phloem, nectar) -Coprophages (excrements) |
| What do Herbivores require more of? | Minerals than those provided in plants |
| The Distribution of elephants is associated with what? | Salt load in the water holes |
| A Ruminant (sheep) has lots of what? | Guts for its size |
| What do Herbivores have that Carnivores do not? | -a longer processing of food -a longer and more complex digestive system |
| What do Granivores have that other Herbivores dont? | Crop and Gizzard |
| What are 6 aspects of Homeostasy? | -Thermal regimes and thermoregulation -Water balance -Activity rhythms -Osmoregulation -Sleep -Digestion |
| What is the difference between Ectotherms/ Endotherms and Poikilotherms/Homeotherms? | Ecto and Endothemrs need a Heat source Poikilo and Homeotherms have body temperature |
| What does Entohermy mean? | Internal heat production |
| Homeothermy means? | Constant body temperature |
| Poikilotherms secrete what? | Glycol (anti-freeze) |
| What is the Differnce between Ectothermys vs Endothermys? | Endothermys -Cost in heat production, activity less dependent on environment, thermal environment maximizes enzymatic activity Ectotherms -Convert large % of energy intake in biomass, large size are limited to tropical regions, low costs |
| What are the 5 types of behaviour in thermoregulation? | -Daily torpor -Migration -Hibernation -Micro-climates -Basking |
| What do Heterothermy do? | -Control their body temperature (endotherm) -Dependent on ambient temperature (ectotherm) |
| The activty of water conservation is dependent on? | Humidity |
| Salt retention has what as an expense? | Energy |
| What are the 2 activity rhythms? | Daily and Seasonal |
| What are the 5 subdivisions of daily rhythms? | -Sleep -Diurnal -Nocturnal -Crepuscular -Arrhythmic |
| CHAPTER 6 Structure of Communities | |
| Define Community | An assmblage of plant and animal species living in a given area |
| What is the dominance and diversity in plant communities? | Generally composed of few dominant species and a large number of occasional species |
| What are the 3 measures of complexity? | -Richness: number of species present -Diversity: Number of species and their relative abundance -Regularity: Opposite to dominance |
| What is Simpsons Lambda? | The probability that 2 random individuals belong to the same species |
| What are the 8 types of interactions between species? | -Neutral -Mutualism -Commensalism -Amensalism -Predation -Parasitism -Parasitoidism |
| What do Brush reduce? | Intermediate light |
| What do Clover increase? | Intermediate nitrogen |
| What is an example of competition (- -)? | Spotted Hyaenas vs Vultures |
| *What does Conspecific mean? | Individuals of the same population (species) |
| What does Inter-specific competition mean? | Between two different species |
| What does Intra-specific competition mean? | Between the same species |
| *What does Richness mean, in regards to complexity? | the number of species present |
| *What does Diversity mean? | The number of species and their relative abundance |
| *What is Conservation? | The measure of *Richness (# of species present) |
| What is Mycorrhizae (Mutualism)? | Association between roots of a plant and a fungus |
| What is an example of Mutualism? | The Saguaro thriving in the shade of the Paloverde |
| *When are you most likely to see competition? | When there is a limiting factor |
| What is Zonation? | the distribution of plants and animals into specific zones according to such parameters as altitude or depth. |
| What are the 2 different Successions? | -Primary: absence of C -Secondary: disturbed site, community partly / entirely impoverished |
| *Why is there a distinction between Successions? | Because the Carbon will dictate the species during that Succession which means the path will be different depending on if there is Carbon or not. |
| *What Succession is hard for plants and why? | Early Succession is hard for plants because their exposed to harsh winters and their living in extreme conditions |
| *What is the Climax? | The final part of Succession. It is the old growth of a forest, the forest regenrates its own community |
| *Why arent Ecologist interest in the Climax? | Because it is all dead stuff thats been recycling itself |
| *What is Recruitment? | The new imput, the young and new generation |
| What is another way of defining Inter-specific competition? (Hint what type of species usually) | Two similar species in presence of a limited, shared resource |
| What is an example of a similar species? | Bobcat and Lynx |
| What are 4 Resolutions to Inter-specific competition? | -Absense of competition -A single winner -Unstable equilibrium -Co-existence |
| What are 3 types of resources that plants might be in competition for? | -Light -Water -Nutrients |
| What are 3 factors of Coexistence? | -It necessitates resource sharing -Leads to scrambling -Reduction of competition between sympatric species |
| What can competition lead to? | The displacement of characters which will reduce competition in the future |
| CHAPTER 7 Properties of Populations | |
| Define Population | A group of conspecifics living and reproducing in a given location |
| What is Metapopulation? | When Populations are linked by gene flow |
| What is distribution? | Localites and Regions where species occur |
| What are Habitats? | Proximal envrionment of organisms within their distribution, which is located within a specific range of tolerance to environmental factors |
| What is Density? | The number of individuals per unit of: -Distance -Surface -Volume |
| Ecological Density is what? | Number per unit of habitat |
| What are the 2 types of movement dispersion? | Passive Active |
| What are the 2 types of movement migrations? | Emigration immigration |
| What is Demography? | Statistical study of population properties (sex, age, size) and spatial and temporal trends |
| * List the Demography of the Grey Squirrel | x = Age class nx = Cohort lx = Survival dx = Mortality relative to initial cohort qx = Mortality of age class (x) |
| List the birth rates | R0 = 1 Replacement of population R0 < (less) 1 Population in decline R0 > 1 Population growing |
| What is the Carrying Capacity (K)? | The maximal viable capcity in a given environment |
| Generally what are 3 explanantions for Species extinction? | -Geological scale -Climate changes -Local phenomena |
| What are 6 factors caused by human interaction? | -Habitat destruction -Introduction of predators -Introduction of parasites -Over-exploitation -Harassment -Interference |
| What is a Logistic growth dependent on? | The limiting environmental conditions (vital needs) -Space -Food -Sexual mates |
| Density-dependence has what 3 main competitive factors? | -Competition for resources -Competition by interference -Competition by contest |
| In intra-specific competition what is Interference? | Reduction of growth and reproduction within population |
| What are the consequences on growth in relation to interference? | -Delay in development -Slow growth |
| What are some of the consequences on reproduction? | -Fecundity limited -Delay of weaning -Reduction of seed production |
| What are so consequences of Physiological stress? | -Reduced immune response -Pre-natal mortality -Abortions |
| What are some other consequences of stress? | (Abnormal behaviour) -Agressiveness -Cannibalism |
| In regards to population cycle, cycles in conditions, the mortality in adults and Juveniles is? | -Density-dependent (adults) -Density-independent (juveniles) |
| Define Dispersal | Movements of recruits away from natal home range |
| What is Territoriality? | Defense of an exclusive area showing defense behaviours |
| What is Territoriality in plants? | Where individuals are more spaced than random occupation of habitat |
| What is the Density-independence influence? | -No direct control of growth -impact on birth and deaths |
Created by:
SierraHarris
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