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Biology Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| dependent variable | The effect of an experiment |
| conclusion | end result of an experiment |
| controlled variables | variables that remain the same in both test groups of the controlled experiment |
| observation | perceiving an event with one of the five senses |
| independent variable | The variable that is controlled by the experimenter |
| hypothesis | step of the scientific method that is done before experimentation |
| experimentation | controlled related facts and search for the cause and the steps of scientific method |
| hypothesis | possible explanation to a problem based on all the current known facts |
| hydrogen bond | compound that forms hydrogen ions in solution |
| solute | substance that is dissolved in a solvent |
| ion | an electrically charged Atom or group of atoms from a lost organ of one or more electrons |
| covalent bond | Chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons |
| cohesion | attraction between molecules of the same substance (used to describe water) |
| base | compound that excepts a proton when dissolved in a solution |
| polar | uneven distribution of change |
| adhesion | attraction between molecules of different substances |
| solvent | substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution |
| ionic bond | Bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another |
| neutrons/protons | to subatomic particle is found in the nucleus of an atom |
| 1:2:1 | The ratio of carbon hydrogen and oxygen found in carbohydrates |
| enzymes | combine with a substrate speed up reaction rates and are not used up in a reaction |
| monosaccharide | The simple molecule is the basic unit of a polysaccharide |
| catalyst | enzyme that speeds up a reaction and slows activation |
| cellulose | polysaccharide that is the building material for plant cell walls giving its rigidity and strength |
| carbohydrate | main source of energy for living things |
| disaccharide | sucrose is an example of this saccharide |
| lipids | creates a waterproofing for membrane of the cell |
| protein | makes up skin hair and muscle |
| glycogen | animal starch |
| glycerol | combines with three fatty acid to make a triglyceride |
| monosaccharide | building block of all carbohydrates |
| polysaccharide examples | glycogen plant starch cellulose |
| amino acids | building blocks of proteins |
| proteins | macromolecule that contains nitrogen carbon hydrogen and oxygen |
| lipids | fence waxes steroids and oils are examples of this macromolecule |
| saturated fats | fats were all carbon atoms are single bonded to hydrogen's no gaps or double bonds |
| lysosomes | organelle that contains enzymes that break things down |
| chromosomes | structures located in the nucleus that contains the genetic material (DNA) of the cell and are visible only during cell division |
| ribosomes | tiny bodies were proteins are synthesized for the cell |
| eukaryotes | A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles |
| cell membrane | lipid bilayer with embedded proteins that controls what enters and exits the cell |
| prokaryote | A cell lacking a nucleus and membrane bound organelles |
| mitochondria | converts chemical energy stored in food to ATP |
| chloroplast | uses light energy to make chemical energy |
| Robert Hooke | discovered cells |
| can viruses it grow and respond | no |
| how do viruses invade and interspecific cells | matching receptor sites |
| how viruses and cells are similar | both have the same genetic material |
| virus | protein coat and nucleic acid core |
| size and shape of viruses | they all have different sizes and shapes |
| type of genetic material of viruses | DNA or RNA me |
| can viruses reproduce without a host | no |
| permeability | The degree to which one substance allows another substance to pass through it |
| exocytosis | removal of waste from a cell |
| endocytosis | process by which a cell takes material inside it by the folding of the cell membrane |
| plasmolysis | shrinking cell when water leaves it |
| high to low concentration | Direction in which molecules of a substance move if they are not in the same concentration |
| Active transport | movement of substances using energy |
| osmosis | movement of water from high to low |
| diffusion | movement of particles from high to low |
| hypertonic | high concentration of a solute in a solution |
| cytolysis | cell burst because of too much water |
| hypotonic | Low concentration of a solute in a solution |
| isotonic | equal concentration of solute between Two solutions |
| 3 components of ATP | 3 phosphates, adenine, and ribose |
| sun | Ultimate source of energy for all living organisms |
| reactants in photosynthesis | radiant energy |
| two end products of photosynthesis | oxygen and glucose |
| Thylakoid | where the light reaction of photosynthesis occurs |
| ATP & NADPH | two products made in the light reactions necessary to run the Calvin cycle |
| the oxygen in which organisms depend for cellular respiration comes from what process | photosynthesis |
| thylakoid | where light reaction and electron transport chain are |
| ATP is an important energy transfer molecule because it when the third phosphate of ATP is removed what is released | Chemical energy |
| why are photosynthesis and cellular respiration considered the opposites of each other | The products of them are the reactants of the other |
| Krebs cycle | this cycle of cellular respiration produces high energy carriers that provide the electrons for the electron transport chain |
| 36 | ATP in cellular respiration |
| Stroma | jelly like, in chloroplasts, where Calvin cycle takes place |
| light to chemical | photosynthesis energy transfer |
| pyruvate | three carbon end product of glycolysis |
| Matrix of the mitochondria | Krebs cycle occurs here |
| CO2 | gas released during krebs cycle |
| Violet blue and red light | Colors of chlorophyll absorbs |
| Greenlight | plants appear green because they reflect this color |
| pigment | molecule that absorbs wave lengths of light and reflects other ones |
| fermentation | process that occurs in the muscle cells of animals when oxygen is absent |
| why Krebs cycle occurs twice | there are two pyruvates |
| role of oxygen in ETC | H2O and final electronic acceptor |
| what is the equation for alcohol fermentation | pyruvate + NADH --> CO2 + ethanol + NAD |
| sides of DNA strand | phosphate and sugar |
| codon | 3 base sequence of messenger RNA |
| Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins | developed the x-ray crystallography that used it diffraction patterns to determine that DNA structure was a helix |
| rungs of DNA strand | adenine, Thymine , guanine, and cytosine |
| template | something you can copy |
| site of translation ( organelle ) | ribosome |
| anti-codon | TRA (3basesequence) |
| two enzymes in replication | helicase and DNA polymerase |
| Watson and crick | discovered structure of DNA (model) |
| Job of MRNA | send DNA a message to cytoplasm |
| what would TACCCC be if it was mRNA | AUGGGG |
| components of a nucleotide | base, sugar, phosphate |
| two differences between DNA and RNA | DNA is double-stranded and DNA has thymine |
| Job of tRNA | takes amino acids to the right side |
| decode M RNA AUCUGA in tRNA | UAGACU |
| hydrogen bond | between bases |
| diploid | refers to a cell that contains sets of Homologous chromosomes |
| telophase two | this phase of meiosis results and four daughter cells each haploid |
| metaphase – mitosis | chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell |
| unique pattern | crossing over leads to this quality and the species |
| tetrad | four |
| prophase one | synapsis occurs; chromosomes are formed; crossing over |
| prophase mitosis | nucleolus disappears it; spindle fibers form; chromosomes/centrioles move to opposite sides |
| female sex chromosomes | XX |
| Crossing over | during metaphase the mom and dad chromosomes get mixed up |
| interphase | DNA replicates in the S phase of this phase |
| The stages of mitosis are? | mitosis: prophase, metaphase, telephase, anaphase dinner phase: G, S, G two |
| telephase | The nuclear envelope a nucleolus reform during this phase of mitosis |
| 46 | number of chromosomes in human somatic cell |
| Homologus chromosomes | refers to a pair of chromosomes were each chromosome is similar in size, shape, and Gene they carry |
| nondisjunction | Homo Logus chromosomes failed to separate during meiosis |
| metaphase two | tetrads line up along equator |
| synapsis | The action of Homologus chromosomes pairing up |
| probability | used in genetics to predict outcomes of events |
| recessive | Jean that will only be expressed when homozygous ressesive |
| Law of segregation | principle that explains abrasion of alleles during gamete formation |
| Homozygous | recessive and dominant gene |
| heterozygous | two dominant or two recessive genes |
| allele | particular form of the trait will be expressed |
| genotype / DNA | genetic make up |
| phenotype/traits | observable physical characteristics |
| Dihybrid | cross that follows two different genes as they passed from one generation to the next |
| principle of independent assortment | Gene pairs segregate randomly and independently of one another |
| Mono hybrid cross | cross to determine one trait |
| principle of dominance | One allele expressed over others |
| deletion | loss of all or part of a chromosome |
| translocation | moves chromosome from one to another |
| inversion | part of chromosome is reversed |
| frameshift | Edition that causes the reading frame to shift resulting in a change of the nucleotide sequence for each amino acid that follows can because by deletion or insertion |
| duplication | segment of a chromosome is repeated |
| PKU | this disease results in mental retardation and other new role logical problems that can be prevented with a low-protein diet |
| hemophilia | sex linked disorder – no blood clot protein |
| Color blindness | sex linked disorder most common in males not able to tell the difference between colors |
| cystic fibrosis | symptoms of this disorder thick mucus in lungs and trouble breathing |
| tay-Sachs | this disease has a weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscle tissue |
| Huntington's disease | this disease shows a gradual Deterioration of the brain which causes uncontrollable movements and mental deterioration |
| karyotype | sets of photographs of chromosomes grouped in order in pairs |
| Klein Felters syndrome | males have an extra X chromosome and makes them womanly |
| body/stomatic and Egg cell | cells/cells that were used to when Dolly the sheep was cloned |
| DNA fingerprint | used to find DNA make up |
| gel electrophoresis | separates DNA fragments |
| genetic engineering | make changes in organisms DNA to produce new |
| o | universal donor |
| b | type of blood that produces anti-a antibodies in serum |
| hybridization | breeding for desired traits |
| recombinant DNA | combination of DNA from two different organisms |
Created by:
clarissa13
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