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midterm exam
science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A mutation passed onto descendants | germline |
| The true genetic material | DNA |
| "DNA -> RNA" | Transcription |
| A=T and G=C | Base-pair rules |
| A series of three bases that code for a specific amino acid | codon |
| A mutating caused by an environmental factor | Mutagen |
| This type of mutation just seems to happen, possibly due to a mistake during replication or transcription | spontaneous |
| Mutation that can not be transmitted to next generation | Somatic |
| common mutagens include | x-rays, chemicals, ultraviolet waves |
| The control dogma of molecular biology is best represented by | DNA -> RNA -> Protein |
| T or F it is possible for mutation to occur spontaneously | T |
| T or F proteins give organisms their traits | T |
| T or F In DNA the complement of ATC is TAG | T |
| T or F In RNA, guanine always bonds with uracil | F |
| T or F mRNA carries instructions to the ribosome | T |
| T or F rRNA brings amino acids to the ribosomes | F |
| Describe Griffith's experiment list all the steps he took and what was his final conclusion | S Strain -> inject -> Mice Die R Strain -> inject -> Mice Live S Strain (heat Killed) -> Injected-> Mice Live S Strain ( heat Killed) + R Strain (Live) -> Injected into mice -> Mice Die |
| Describe Hershey and chase's experiment and there final conclusion | confirming that DNA was the genetic material |
| what was Chargaff's 2 rules | Composition of DNA varied from one spp. To another (1947) Amount of one base = amount of a particular 2nd base A=T, G=C base pairing rule |
| Describe the DNA composition | Composition of DNA varied from one spp. To another (1947) |
| The organisms genetic makeup | genotype |
| Diagram used to help predict the probable inheritance of alleges in different crosses | punnett squared |
| Chart which shows the inheritance of a trait over several generations | pedigree |
| The passing of characteristics from parents to offspring | Heredity |
| Cross in which inheritance of 2 characteristics are tracked at the same time | dihybrid cross |
| Person who is heterozygous for a recessive allele of a trait | Carrier |
| organism has identical pair of alleles | homozygous |
| 2 different alleles for a gene | heterozygous |
| Individual with unknown genotype crossed with a homozygous recessive individual | Test cross |
| Branch of biology that focuses on heredity of organisms | Genetics |
| Likelihood that a certain event will occur | Probability |
| A cross in which one characteristic is examined | Monohybrid cross |
| If 2 parents with dominate phenotype have an offspring with a respective phenotype then | The parents are heterozygous |
| When mandel crossed F1 generation individuals the phenotypic ratio he observed in their offspring was ____ while the genotypic ratio was _____ | 3:1, 1:2:1 |
| The color of a dogs coat can be described as the dogs ___ which is determined by sets of alleles or its ____ | Phenotype, genotype |
| The roan horse, which has both red and white hair, is an example of | Co-dominance |
| Blood types; A,B,O are an example of | Multiple alleles |
| If 2 heterozygotes cross; ____ of the offspring would have dominate traits | 75% |
| Who is the father of genetics | Mendel |
| If a trait is sex-linked recessive, if the female receives only 1 recessive allele and the male also receives only 1 recessive allele the | Male will demonstrate the trait while the female will not |
| Pollen from 1 plant pollinate the flower on a different plant | Cross pollination |
| List the 4 hypothesis of Mendel's theory of heredity | 1. there are different versions of genes – alleles 2. one may be dominant (ex) and one may be recessive (not ex) 3. for each characteristic – inherit 2 alleles, one from each parent 4. when gametes formed – two alleles of each gene are separated |
| Chromosomes not involved in determining sex. | Autosome |
| Produces haploid gametes. | Meiosis |
| Process by which organisms reproduce sexually by joining gametes. | Fertilization |
| Process by which prokaryotes reproduce. | Binary Fission |
| Sex cells | Gametes |
| New individuals split off from existing ones. | Budding |
| Upon fertilization of a cell, a(n) is formed | Zygote |
| _____ represents a female, while _____ represents a male. | XX, XY |
| At the end of meiosis, ______ ______ cells have been produced | 4, haploid |
| this type of reproduction produces similar, but unique individuals | Meiosis |
| Humans have ______ chromosomes | 46 or 23 pairs |
| A zygote is _____, also known as _____. | 2n, diploid |
| At the end of mitosis, _____ _____ cells have been produced. | 2, diploid |
| A parents gamete is _____, also known as _____ | 1n, haploid |
| These store chemical energy in carbohydrate food molecules they build themselves. | Producers and Autotrophs |
| This is the ability to do work. | Energy |
| These are the organelles that conduct photosynthesis in plants. | Chloroplast |
| Photosynthesis provides over _____ of energy supply for life on earth. | 99% |
| Proteins that speed up reactions are known as _____. | Enzymes |
| Process plants use to make their own food. | Photosynthesis |
| Movement of only water. | Osmosis |
| Rigid layer found outside the cell membrane of a plant and it surrounds the cell. | Cell Wall |
| Group of tissues that have a specific function or group of functions | Organ |
| Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration. | Diffusion |
| Watery substance of cytoplasm. | Cytosol |
| Smallest unit that can carry out the processes of life. | Cell |
| Has a nucleus and has membrane bound organelles. | Eukaryote |
| Structures that carry out specific functions inside the cell. | Organelle |
| Has no nucleus nor any membrane enclosed organelles. | Prokaryote |
| Ability to allow only certain molecules in and out of the cell. | Selective Permeability |
| Short extensions of membrane that beat together for movement. | Cilia |
| Scientist who made the first simple microscope. | Leeuwenhoek |
| These are the long structures that organisms use for motion | Flagella |
| Muscle cells tend to have thousands of _____ since they need ATP. | Mitochondria |
| These are the short extensions of the cell membrane used for locomotion. | Cilia |
| Gel-like material that holds organelles in place. | Cytoplasm |
| Mitochondria produce _____, which is energy for the cell. | ATP |
| These are long strands of coiled up DNA and proteins. | Chromosome |
| This is the largest organelle in a cell and contains the DNA | Nucleus |
| This is the physical boundary between the inside and outside environment. | Cell membrane |
| Positive particle present in nucleus of atom. | Proton |
| Ability to do work. | Energy |
| Atoms move freely and take on the shape and volume of the container. | Gas |
| The subunits for a carbohydrate. | Monosaccharide |
| The subunits for a protein. | Amino Acid |
| Atoms are constantly in contact and do not move. | Solid |
| Pure substance that cannot be broken down into different types of substances. | Element |
| Smallest particle of an element that still characterizes the element. | Atom |
| Negative particle present in area surrounding the atom. | Electron |
| Center of an atom or cell. | Nucleus |
| Was used extensively in the food industry until found to increase risk for health problems. | Trans Fatty Acid |
| Neutral particle present in nucleus of atom. | Neutron |
| This is the main form of stored energy in animals. | Triglycerides |
| Sex hormones are a type of _________. | Steroid |
| DNA and RNA are types of______________. | Nucleic Acids |
| This is the process that changes some chemical substances into another. | Chemical Reaction |
| In the A + B -> C, the A + B are the _____ and C is the _____. | Reactants, Product |
| When two or more chemical elements or compounds form a more complex product. | Synthesis |
| When a reaction gimes off energy. | Exothermic |
| Chemical reactions often utilize _____ to speed up their reaction. | Catalyst |
| When considering water, the process whereby liquid water becomes vapor is known as __________. | Evaporation |
| Dry ice is an example of what process of water. | Sublimation |
| In a solution, the substance being dissolved is the _____ and the one doing the dissolving is _____. | Solute, Solvent |
| An electrically charge atom or molecule is known as an _____. | Ion |
| Involves enlarging the image. | Magnification |
| One organism lives on or in another. | Parasitism |
| Living together. | Symbiosis |
| Suggested explanation based on evidence. | Hypothesis |
| Changes in response to the independent variable. | Dependent |
| Interaction between organisms for same resources. | Competition |
| New knowledge based on old knowledge. | Inference |
| Factor in experiment that can change. | Variable |
| Noting a phenomenon through the senses. | Observation |
| Factor controlled by experimenter. | Independent Variable |
| Cells together form. | Tissues |
| The body keeping your body temperature in a narrow range is known as __________. | Homeostasis |
| The _____ states all living things made of one or more cells. | Cell Theory |
| DNA stands for | Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
| 10 to the 3rd | Kilo |
| 10 to the minus 2 | Centi |
| 10 to the minus 3 | Milli |
| m | Length |
| kg | Mass |
| s | Time |
Created by:
Lauren Bowers
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