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INC1
Integrated Natural Science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the definition of 'method'? | a way of exploring nature and discovering the order within it. |
| What is the definition of 'cause-and-effect relationships? | trying to find out what events cause what results. |
| When did Johann Gutenberg invent the printing press? | In the 15th century. |
| Who were the first people to formalize a particular method for doing science? | Galileo and Francis Bacon. |
| What is the definition of hypothesis? | An educated guess that tentatively answers a question or solves a problem in regard to the physical world. |
| What is the 'principal of falsifiability'? | It must, in principle, be capable of being proven wrong. |
| What is the definition of 'law (principle)'? | When a scientific hypothesis has been tested over and over again and has not been contradicted. |
| What is the definition of 'fact'? | Something that competent observers can observe and agree to be true. |
| What is the definition of 'theory'? | Synthesis of facts and well tested hypothesis. |
| How does science differ from religion? | Science asks how and religion asks why. |
| What is the definition of 'natural philosophy'? | Study of answered questions about nature. |
| What sub-studies does 'life science' include? | Molecular biology, microbiology, and ecology. |
| What sub-studies does 'physical science' include? | Physics, chemistry, earth science, and astrology. |
| What sub-studies does 'physics' include? | Motion, force, energy, matter, heat, sound, and light. |
| What is the definition of 'chemistry'? | Tells us how matter is put together. |
| What is a 'control test'? | Test that excludes the variable being investigated in a scientific experiment. |
| What is the definition of 'theory'? | A synthesis of large body of info. that encompasses well-tested hypothesis about certain aspects of the natural world. |
| What is the definition of 'technology' in relation to science? | Means of solving practical problems by applying findings of science. |
| When did Galileo demolish Aristotle's belief that heavy objects fall faster than light objects? | In the 1500's. |
| What is the definition of 'inertia'? | Moving objects tend to remain moving. |
| What is a 'systems approach'? | The whole rather than the sum of the parts. |
| What is the definition of 'systems biology'? | Studying or modeling biology systems as a whole, instead of studying each part separately. |
| What is the definition of 'kilograms'? | SI unit of mass that measures by comparing something's weight to the weight of a standard mass. |
| What is the definition of 'kelvin'? | SI unit of thermodynamic temperature, equal in magnitude to the degree Celsius. |
| What is the definition of 'pH'? | Figure/# expressing acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a logaorithmic scale which 7 is neutral, when values are more acidic and higher values are alkalinic. |
| What is the definition of 'joules'? | SI unit of work or energy, equal to the work done by a force of one newton when it's point of application moves one meter in the direction of action of the force. |
| What is the definition of 'newtons'? | SI derived unit used to measure force. |
| What is the definition of 'liters'? | Metric unit of capacity. |
| What is the definition of 'grams'? | Metric unit of mass equal to one-thousandth of a kilogram. |
| What is the definition of 'micrometers'? | A gauge that measures small distances of thickens between it's 2 faces. |
| What is 'km/hr'? | Unit of speed (kilometer per hour). |
| What is the definition of 'millimeters'? | One-thousandth of a meter. |
| What is the definition of 'amperes'? | Unit of electric current equal to a flow of one coulomb per second. |
| What is the definition of 'volts'? | Unit of electromotive force, the difference of potential that would drive one ampere of current against one ohm resistance. |
| What is the definition of 'millivolts'? | One-thousandth of a volt. |
| What is the definition of 'ohms'? | SI derived unit of electrical resistance. |
| What is the definition of 'nanometers'? | One billionth of a meter. |
| What is the definition of 'meters'? | Fundamental unit of length in the metric system, equal to 100 centimeters. |
| What is the definition of 'watts'? | SI unit of power, equivalent to one joule per second, corresponding to the power in an electric circuit in which the potential difference is one volt and the current one ampere. |
| What is the definition of 'biology'? | Study of living organisms, divided into many specialized fields. |
| What is the definition of 'geology'? | Science that deals with earth's physical structure and substance, and it's history and process that acts on it. |
| What is the definition of 'momentum'? | Inertia in motion. |
| What happens when the momentum occurs over a short period of time? | The hitting force is large. |
| What is the definition of 'Newton's 2nd Law'? | If we want to accelerate an object, we must apply force to it. |
| What is the definition of 'Newton's 3rd Law'? | All forces have a force that is equal and opposite. |
| What are atoms made of? | Electrons, Protons, and Neutrons |
| What charge does an Electron have? | A negative charge. |
| What charge does a neutron have? | A neutral charge. |
| What charge does a proton have? | A positive charge. |
| What is a 'stable nuclei'? | Nuclei that have the right balance of neutrons and protons and the right amount of energy to remain unchanged for a long time. |
| Atoms with unstable nuclei are said to be...? | Radioactive. |
| What is the definition of 'radioactivity'? | Process of breakdown of materials in which energetic particles are ejected and emit radioactive electromagnetic radiation. |
| Elements containing an atomic number greater than ___ are radioactive. | 82 (lead) |
| What are 'alpha particles'? | Combination of 2 protons and 2 neutrons (nucleus of helium atom) |
| Helium atoms at one point were what? | Energetic alpha particles. |
| What are 'beta particles'? | An electron ejected from a nucleus. |
| What are 'gamma rays'? | High frequency electromagnetic radiation emitted by radioactive elements. |
| What is the definition of 'half life'? | Rate of decay for a radioactive isotope. |
| What is 'nuclear fission'? | Nuclear reaction in which heavy nucleus splits into 2 lighter nuclei. |
| What is 'nuclear fusion'? | Nuclear reaction in which 2 light nuclei combine or fuse to form a heavier nuclei. |
| What is 'thermonuclear fusion'? | Fusion brought about by high temperatures. |
| What is a 'chain reaction'? | Self-sustaining reaction in which the products of one reaction event stimulate further reaction events. |
| What is 'critical mass'? | The minimum mass of fissionable material in a reaction or nuclear bomb that will sustain a chain reaction. |
| What is 'transmutation'? | Conversion of an atomic nucleus of one element into an atomic nucleus of another element through loss or gain in number of protons. |
| What is the order of the plants from the sun? | Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Asteroid belt. Then Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto. |
| What is the definition of 'eclipitc'? | Defined as plane of Earth's orbit. |
| What are some of the characteristics of Mercury? | Fastest spinning planet, very hot, and hold very little atmosphere. |
| What are some of the characteristics of Venus? | Most closely resembles, similar in size/density to the sun,very dense atmosphere, hottest planet. |
| What are some of the characteristics of Mars? | Contains core, mantle and crust, thin atmosphere, seasons that are 2x longer than earth's, very low density |
| What are some of the characteristics of Jupiter? | Largest planet, mostly liquid composition, greatest mass of all planets. |
| What are some of the characteristics of Saturn? | Second largest in mass and size, composed mostly of hydrogen and helium, lowest density of any planet. |
| What are some of the characteristics of Uranus? | No internal heat source meaning it is very cold and is 4x the size of earth. |
| What are some of the characteristics of Neptune? | Atmosphere is mostly composed of hydrogen and helium with some methane and ammonia, density is a third that of earth's. |
| What are some characteristics of Pluto? | Very, very small, composed of rock and nitrogen ice with a highly inclined orbit. |
| What is the H-R diagram? | Show the plots of the luminosity versus surface temperature of stars. |
| What are Main Sequence Stars? | Stars (including our sun) that generate energy by fusing hydrogen to helium. |
| What are Red Giant Stars? | Stars that have very low surface temperatures, bright, and larger than the sun. |
| What are White Dwarf Stars? | Dead stars that have exhausted their nuclear fuel - very, very small/hot, and very high density. |
| How did the Sun form? | From an expansive, low-density cloud of gas and dust called a Nebula. |
| What is our Galaxy called? | Milkyway Galaxy. |
| What do the stars in our galaxy orbit? | They orbit a black hole at the center of the galaxy. |
| What are the three types of galaxies? | Spiral, elliptical, and irregular. |
| What were the two main theories of how our galaxy came to be? | Creation by supreme being and eternal existence. |
| What evidence supports the Big Bang Theory? | Redshift of galaxies (expansion), Cosmic microwave background radiation, and an abundance of hydrogen and helium. |
| What are the end of the universe possibilities? | Re-collapsing universe, critical universe, coasting universe, and accelerating universe. |
| What is Hubble's Law? | More distant galaxies are moving away faster than closer galaxies. |
| What are the layers of the atmosphere (from bottom to top? | Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, ionosphere, and exosphere. |
| What layer of the atmosphere do people live in? | Troposphere. |
| What layer of the atmosphere is the lowest and thinnest? | Troposphere. |
| What layer of the atmosphere contains the Ozone layer? | Stratosphere. |
| Which layer of the atmosphere has a decrease in temperature with altitude? | Mesosphere. |
| Which layer of the atmosphere absorbs most of the x-rays and UV radiation? | Thermosphere. |
| What is the Ionosphere? | Layer of atmosphere that has an electrified region. (not a true layer of the atmosphere) |
| What is the Exosphere? | Interface between Earth and space. |
| What is the atmosphere composed of? | Mostly nitrogen, oxygen and argon. |
| What is the Coriolis Force? | Moving bodies (such as air) deflect to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. |
| What are P-waves? | Body waves that travel longitudinally through the Earth's interior. |
| What are S-waves? | Surface waves that travel transversely on Earth's surface like ripples on water. |
| Which types of waves cannot pass through the Earth's core? | S-waves. |
| What is the definition of the Earth's Crust? | Thin, brittle surface layer. |
| What is the Oceanic Crust? | Dark, dense, fine-grained rock (basalt). |
| What is the Continental Crust? | Less dense, lighter-colored granitic rocks. |
| What is the definition of Mantle? | Earth's thickest layer, rich in silicon, oxygen and also composed of iron, magnesium, and calcium. |
| What is the Lithosphere? | Upper mantle that is cool, rigid, stiff and breakable. |
| What is the Asthenosphere? | Lower mantle that is solid under stress but can behave like a fluid when stress is applied slowly. |
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