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Biology
Concepts in Biology Final Exam
| Concept | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the consequences of fertilizer dropping the pH of soil? | Some plants cannot grow in a low pH environment; calcium magnesium is displaced |
| Agriculture + Urbanization | Industrial Age |
| Fuel Fossils | Needed for agriculture; releases carbon and nitrogen when burned; Green House Effect |
| Marine Phosphate Cycle | marine organisms eat autotrophs, they die, the phosphate goes back into the water, and is eaten by another organism |
| Terrestrial Phosphate Cycle | phosphate gets embedded into sediment, sediment is dug up and used in fertilizer, put fertilizer on land plants, plants take in phosphate, plants die, phosphate goes back into soil, picked up by other plants, we eat plants |
| Behavioral Ecology | ecological and evolutionary basis of animal behaviors and the role these behaviors have in allowing animals to adapt to their environments |
| What factors influence animal behavior | Genes; Hormones |
| Equation for why carbon is building up in the atmosphere and going into oceans | H2O+CO2=H2CO3=HCO3+H=CO3+2H |
| What does increasing the ion concentration do? | Lowers the pH in oceans; they become more acidic |
| If the amount of water increases... | The amount of water vapor increases (more water vapor traps heat from leaving the planet) |
| Forms of Nitrogen | N2=nitrogen; NH3=ammonia; NH4+=ammonium; NO3-=nitrate; NO2-=nitrite |
| Nitrogen Cycle (with the help of bacteria) | N2 goes to NH3 goes to NH4+ goes to NO2-+NO3- |
| How nitrogen gets back into the atmosphere | NO2- + NO3- goes to N2 + NO |
| Large scale agriculture | Fertilizer and trying to make the soil ready to use |
| How water cycles through ecosystems | evaporation (425,000) and precipitation (385,000) FROM OCEAN; wind moves water vapor onto land (40,000); transportation-movement of water through plants and trees (71,000); precipitates back onto land (111,000); enters lakes/rivers (40,000); back to ocean |
| How carbon moves through ecosystems | Species living in the oceans contain carbon; species die, go to bottom of the ocean and become fossil fuels (oil, gas); build oil rings to get carbon from the bottom of the ocean; use the oil/gas to power automobiles;release carbon dioxide into atmosphere |
| Have carbon levels increased? | Yes (contributes to smog) |
| Green House Effect | Carbon sits in atmosphere and blocks heat from leaving, the temperature increases; leads to global warming |
| Consequences of global warming | causes plants and animals to die because of temp. increase; severe weather patterns; ice caps melting; algae are growing and sucking oxygen out of the water; misquotes are more common |
| Four stages of economical development | Pre-industrial Stage; Transitional Stage; Industrial Stage; Post-industrial Stage |
| Pre-industrial Stage | population is low; birth and death rates are similar; stable |
| Transitional Stage | birth rates are high; death rates are low; population is high |
| Industrial Stage | birth rates fall; death rates are low; population starts to level off |
| Post-industrial Stage | death rates are constant; birth rates fall; populations decrease |
| Ecosystems | population interacting with environment |
| Organisms in Ecosystems | autotrophs; heterotrophs; decomposers; detritivores |
| Types of Heterotrophs | herbivores; carnivores; omnivores; parasites |
| What do all organisms need to live? | energy, water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphate, food, oxygen |
| Largest Sources of Water | ocean, polar ice caps/glaciers, ground water, lakes/rivers, soil, atmosphere |
| Drinking Water Comes From | lakes, ground water |
| Populations Ability to Grow | Industrial Revolution, domestication of plants and animals (agriculture), migration, sanitation, medical advances |
| Type 1 Life History | The young survive; humans, elephants |
| Type 2 Life History | Constant rate of life and death (equal chance of dying); birds |
| Type 3 Life History | High young death rate (decreased chance as species gets older); sea turtles |
| Total Fertility Rate (TFR) | average number of offspring born to a female during reproductive years |
| Human TFR | 2.41 offspring (has been dropping dramatically) |
| To maintain a steady population what does the TFR need to be? | TFR needs to be 2.10 |
| Largest World's Populations | China (1.3 billion); India (1.1 billion); US (300 million) |
| Ratio of boys to girls in the world | 1.06 boys : 1.00 girls |
| Ratio of boys to girls in China | 1.19 boys : 1.00 girls = social instability |
| Population Ecology | Size, age structure, density, distribution (clumped, uniformly, random) |
| Size of a population depends on? | # of births, # of deaths, # of immigrants, # of emigrations |
| Equation for the growth of a population | Growth = rate X number; small r=slow growth; big r=fast growth |
| Biotic Potential | max amount of increase under ideal conditions in a population |
| What influences biotic potential | the age at which an individual starts to reproduce; how often reproduction occurs; number of offspring born at one time |
| Carrying Capacity | upper limit as imposed by environment (max number of individuals that a place can sustain) |
| Birth rate per hour? | 11,000 people |
| What precent of species have gone extinct so far? | 99.9% |
| What is the average mammalian species life expectancy? | 1 million years |
| Humans will create their own extinction by what? | creation of nuclear weapons, destroying our environment (global warming), comet/astroid hitting the planet, super volcano eruption |
| Water Bear | 1st animals on the planet; survived the astroid and the super volcano; have been around for 5 million years |
| What is the sun converting into energy? | Hydrogen and Helium |
| Why will the sun eventually engulf the Earth? | The sun has enough energy to convert for 5 million years, when that energy runs out the sun will expand and turn into a red giant, and will eventually engulf the earth |
| Ecology | complex organisms interact with each other and their environment |
| Types of ecology | population ecology, ecosystems, behavioral ecology |
| 200 thousand years ago | anatomically modern humans |
| 50-100 thousand years ago | behaviorally modern humans; 1st human language; human migration out of Africa; super volcano almost eliminated humans |
| 15 thousand years ago | homo sapiens had the planet to themselves |
| 12 thousand years ago | 1st agriculture |
| 9 thousand years ago | 1st towns |
| 55 hundred years ago | 1st cities; needed protection, civilization came into play (hierarchies); writing evolved; 1st wheels were invented |
| 4 thousand years ago | monotheistic traditions; Judaism, catholicism, Islam; Abraham (Biblical figure) |
| 33 hundred years ago | Moses |
| 24 hundred years ago | Greek philosophers; Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Alexander the Great; thoughts that influence us today |
| 6 hundred years ago | 1st printing press was invented |
| 5 hundred years ago | 1st modern science; scientific method |
| Advantages of modern science | heat, food, technology, transportation, running water |
| Disadvantages of modern science | nuclear weapons, able to kill, climate change |
| 13.8 billion years ago | The universe was created |
| Why is is dangerous that the moon is getting further away from Earth? | Because the moon controls the earth's tides and earth's orbit, it also protects the earth from oncoming asteroids |
| When did the 1st cell-like structures appear on earth? | 3.8 billion years ago |
| LUCA | Last Universal Common Ancestor |
| What was the first life on Earth? | Prokaryotes (Eu bacteria and Archae bacteria) |
| What gave rise to eukaryotic cells? | Archae bacteria |
| When were the first eukaryotic cells? | 1.2 billion years ago |
| When was the planet only bacteria? | 2.6 billion years ago |
| Cyano bacteria | can photosynthesize, creating oxygen |
| When did animals first appear on earth? | 570 million years ago |
| What kind of creatures were the first animals? | Sponge-like creatures |
| Adaptive Radiation | first animals diverged and created different species |
| Dinosaurs | 1st animals to dominate the planet; reptiles; ruled the earth 215-265 million years ago |
| Did humans and dinosaurs coexist? | No |
| What were the 1st small mammals? | Shrew-like animals; coexisted with dinosaurs; 210 million years ago |
| 2 million years ago | 1st true humans |
| 4 Species of Humans That Coexisted | Homo sapiens, homo erectus, homo forensus, homo neanderthals |
| Nuclear Fusion | when 2 hydrogen fuse and release energy |
| In what order are the elements fused? | hydrogen, helium, carbon, iron |
| Supernova | gravity is pushing in but nothing is blowing out; because it is fusing iron and iron requires more energy than is released |
| Galaxy | groups of stars (100 billion stars); 100-400 billion galaxies of 100 billion stars per galaxy |
| What galaxy is Earth part of? | The Milky Way Galaxy |
| How many times can light travel around the Earth? | 7 times per second |
| Blackhole | Many stars that have gone supernova |
| What is the closest star to the earth? | The Sun (8 light minutes away); the next closest star is 4 lightyears away |
| How the earth rotates around space | Earth rotates at 1000 miles an hour (a day is 1 rotation); Earth circles the sun at 66 miles per hour (a year is 1 rotation); Sun circles the galaxy at 550 thousand miles per hour (225 million years); Galaxy is circling space at 1.3 million miles |
| When was the Earth formed? | 4.6 billion years ago; 9.2 billion years after the big bang |
| Creation Process | Hydrogen collects to form a large mass; 99% is created mass and 1% was created into planets |
| How did the moon form? | When Earth and another planet collided |
| When did the universe begin? | After the Big Bang |
| What did the Big Bang create? | Space and Time |
| 10 to the -35 seconds after the Big Bang | Inflation- the universe became larger; space and time was created; the rate of space was faster than the speed of light |
| 10 to the -11 seconds after the Big Bang | Space was as big/bigger than the universe after the Big Bang; space was advanced by inflation |
| 4 fundamental forces (10 to the -11 seconds) | gravity, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, electromagnetic force |
| 10 to the -10 seconds after the Big Bang | 1st protons; 1st hydrogen nuclei; temperature cooled so that energy could be converted to matter (protons and neutrons) |
| 1-5 minutes after the Big Bang | 1st helium nuclei formed; 2 protons and 2 neutrons; strong nuclear force could hold together protons and neutrons |
| 380 thousand years after the Big Bang | 1st neutral atoms formed; possible for electrons to come into nuclei and form a neutral atom |
| Before 380 thousand years after the Big Bang | Space was a fog and you couldn't see through it; light defused so much that it became dark (dark ages) |
| 100 million years after the Big Bang | 1st stars; higher density |
| What are stars made of? | Stars are a burning ball of hydrogen gas |
| Nuclear Fusion | mass converted into energy and released; the released energy is the star's power |
| Cancer Biology | cells are constantly changing/evolving; try to target the problem protein in cancer, but the protein mutates too quickly; because of the mutations they form a resistance to the drug |
| What mutation has a resistance to all drugs? | T315I mutation |
| HIV/AIDS | stores genetic information in the form of RNA; the RNA mutates too quickly and is unstable; forms a resistance to drugs; cannot give all 3 drugs at the same time because the T315I mutation will form a resistance; will have more time to live if given 1 |
| Scientists don't think evolution occurred | FALSE (they agree but they don't know the rate of evolution) |
| Evolution is just a theory | TRUE (evolution is just a theory) |
| Evolution is based on the survival of the strongest and meanest | FALSE (it is based on the ones that can reproduce) |
| Evolution occurs in a straight line | FALSE (common ancestor) |
| Evolution is incompatible with religion | FALSE (evolution occurred and god exists--don't have to pick) |
| Phylogenetic Tree | diagram that shows branches branches of how organisms all go back to a common ancestor |
| Empirical evidence that supports the theory of evolution (FOSSILS) | form from hard structures (bones); organism needs to be buried quickly (pressure) with low oxygen; the burial site is undisturbed; water comes in and the minerals make the bones rock-like; depends on the environment and the organism |
| How to determine the age of a fossil | Carbon dating and depth at which it was found |
| Empirical evidence that supports the theory of evolution (GENETIC MATERIAL) | DNA, RNA; all organisms share he same code, from an ancestor; 64 nucleotide triplets |
| Empirical evidence that supports the theory of evolution (BIOCHEMICAL) | compare protein structures between organisms; pathways (crews cycle, aerobic respiration); embryology (compare embryos) |
| Empirical evidence that supports the theory of evolution (ANATOMICAL) | look at the anatomy of organisms |
| Physical Barriers of Population Separation | earthquakes, wind, glaciers, deserts |
| Why populations won't mate after separated (speciation) Pre-Zygotic | changes in behavior, behavioral isolation, temporal isolation, mechanical isolation, ecological isolation, and gamete isolation |
| Behavioral Isolation | choose not to reproduce |
| Temporal Isolation | separated in time |
| Mechanical Isolation | Physically unable to mate |
| Ecological Isolation | share habitat--live in different parts |
| Gamete Isolation | sperm and egg are incompatible |
| Post-Zygotic | sperm and egg come together and form a zygote; going through development and the zygote dies; get a zygote, makes it through birth, becomes sterile |
| A population will not change if: | there are no mutations; very large; isolated; all survive and mate; mating is random |
| Genetic Drift | Bottleneck effect--Founder's effect |
| Why populations change (FOUNDER'S EFFECT) | a small number, from a large number, separates and colonizes an area (from a large population to a small population) |
| Why populations change (ISOLATION) | populations were not isolated; changes gene pool (GENE FLOW) people are leaving and coming in |
| Why populations change (SURVIVE AND MATE EQUALLY) | not equal survival; environmental issues; not good timing (war); famine; don't survive, don't mate; some have a better chance to mate than others |
| Why populations change (MATING IS RANDOM) | don't mate randomly; selective mating; want a mate to generate offspring that will survive; female needs to be more selective (SEXUAL SELECTION) |
| What types of animals survived the meteor strike? | alligators, crocodiles, turtles, sharks |
| What was created when the meteor hit the Earth? | niche for humans |
| Bottleneck Effect | big catastrophe to make a population smaller (astroid--dinosaurs, super volcano--Toba) |
| Conservation Biologists | no races, human genes are too similar (99.5% similar) |
| Creationists | everything was created at one time in one place (reject Darwin's ideas) |
| Creationism | an idea, religious belief (not a scientific idea) |
| Darwin's Theory | populations don't change; mutations don't occur; very large population; isolated from other populations; all survive, mate and reproduce equally; mating is random |
| What is a consequence of mutations? | disease, cancer |
| What is the number of mutations that become lethal? | 8-10 mutations |
| Descent with modification | offspring have changes from parents (good and bad); choose mutations by picking mating partners |
| Artificial Selection | Humans |
| Natural Selection | Nature--Animals |
| Who came up with the same idea as Darwin and was going to publish it? | Willis |
| 5 Parts to Darwin's theory of evolution | common ancestor; descent with modification; natural selection; gradual changes over time; speciation |
Created by:
mickey2230
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