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BI 218 Final
Questions for the BI 218 Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Living systems are incredibly diverse in size, shape, environment, and behavior. Despite this wide variety of organisms, it remains difficult to define what it means to say something is alive. What can be described as the smallest living unit? | Cell |
| All of the different proteins in a cell are mad form the same 20 ________. | Amino Acids |
| Changes in DNA sequence for one generation to the next may result in offspring that are altered in fitness compared with their parents. The process of change and selection over the course of many generation is the basis of _______? | Evolution |
| "A cell's genome____________." a.is defined as all the genes being used to make protein b. contains all of a cell's DNA c. constantly changes, depending upon the cell's environment d. is altered during embryonic development | Contains all of the cell's DNA |
| Q1.5) What unit of length would you generally use to measure a typical plant or animal cell? | Micrometer |
| Q.1.6) What is the smallest distance 2 points can be separated and still resolved using light microscopy? | 0.2 micrometers |
| Q1.7) By definition, prokaryotic cells do not possess_________ | a nucleus |
| q1.8)What is the equivalent of the normal body temperature in degrees Celsius? | 37 |
| Q1.9) Mitochondria contain their own genome, are able to duplicate, and divide on a different time line from the rest of the cell. Nevertheless, they cannot function for long when isolated form the cell because they are ___________. | endosymbionts |
| Q1.10) Photosynthesis enable plants to capture the energy for sunlight. In this process, plants incorporate the carbon form CO2 into high energy ______molecules, which the plant cell mitochondria use to produce ATP. | Sugar |
| Q1.11) What is the Role of the lysosome? | clean-up, recycling, and disposal of macromolecules |
| Q1.12) What term describes the process by which external materials are captures inside vesicles and brought into the cell? | Endocytosis |
| Q1.13) _____________ are fairly small organelles that provide safe place within the cell to carry out certain biochemical reactions that generate harmful, highly reactive oxygen species. | Peroxisomes |
| Q1.14)Which characteristic are useful in an organism chosen for use as a model in lab studies? a. amenability to genetic modification b. ability to grow under controlled conditions c. rapid rate of reproduction d. all of the above | D all of the above |
| Q1.15) What bacterial species had a central role in advancing the field of molecular biology? | E.coli |
| Q1.16) Drosophila melanogastor is a ___________. common is experimental models | insect- fruit fly |
| Q1.17) A nematode during development, it produces more then 1000 cells. however, the adult has only 959 somatic cells. the process by which 131 cell are specifically targeted for destruction is called__________. | Programmed cell death |
| Q1.18) Zebrafish are especially useful in the study of early development because their embryos________. | are transparent |
| Q1.19) Eukaryotic cells are able to trigger the release of material form secretory vesicles to the extracellular space using a process called exocytosis. An example of material commonly released this way is_________. | Hormones |
| Q1.20)The nucleus, an organelle found in eukaryotic cells, confines the __________, keeping them separated form other components of the cell. | Chromosome |
| Q2.1) Chemical rxn in living systems occur in an______ environment, w/in a narrow range of temperatures. | aqueous |
| Q2.2)Which subatomic particles contribute to the atomic mass for any given element? | Protons and neutrons |
| Q2.3) Compared common stable carbon-12 isotope, carbon-14 has 2 additional _______. | neutrons |
| Q2.4) A covalent bond between 2 atoms is formed as a result of the _________. | Sharing of electrons |
| Q2.5) What elements would have a 2+ charge? | Ca and Mg |
| Q2.6) Which one of these molecules contain a polar bond? a)molecular oxygen b)methane c)propane d) water | water |
| Q2.7) The pH of an aqueous solution is an indication of the concentration of the available protons. However, you should not expect to find lone protons in solution; rate the protons added to a water molecule to form ___________ | hydronium |
| Q2.8) Which of the following monomers building blocks is necessary to assemble a selectively permeable boundaries around and inside cells? | Fatty acids |
| Q2.9) Which are examples of isomers? a. glucose and galactose b alanine and glycine c adenine and guanine d glycogen and cellulose | glucose and galactose both C6H12O6 |
| Q2.10) what is the lipid most commonly found in droplets in the cytoplasm? | Tricylglycerol |
| Q2.11)What principle force holds the 2 DNA strands together? | Hydrogen bonds |
| Q2.12) Which subatomic particle contribute to the atomic number for any given element? | Protons |
| Q3.1) When cells create organization for raw materials in the environment, they contribute to disorder in the environment by releasing ________. | heat |
| Q3.3) During respiration, energy is extracted from the high-energy bonds found in certain organic molecules. Which of the folloeing are the final products of respiration? | CO2 and water |
| Q3.40 The potential energy stored in high-energy bonds is commonly harnessed when the bonds are split by the addition of _______in a process called _______. | water, hydrolysis |
| Q3.5) Generally, the atom that is oxidized will experience which of the following with respect to the electron in its outer shell? | A net loss |
| Q3.10) once carbon has been oxidized to __, it most stable form it can only cycle back into the organic portion of the carbon cycle through _. | CO2 and photosynthesis |
| Q3.11) energy used by the cell to generate specific biological molecules and highly ordered structures is stored in the form of _______. | Chemical bonds |
| Q3.13) What is the equilibrium constant for the reaction Y -> X? | K=[X]/[Y] |
| Q3.15) On a graph Km value indicates what? | The enzyme-substrate binding affinity |
| Q3.16) If protein A and B hove complementary surfaces, they may interact to from the AB. What is the equilibrium constant for the association between A and B? | Kon/ Koff= K or K=[AB]/[A][B] |
| Q3.18) Process where larger molecules are made from smaller molecules? | anabolic |
| Q4.2 What defines a protein domain? | a protein segment that folds independently |
| Q4.4) Protein can be studied using a solution of purified proteins and the denaturant urea. When urea is removed what happens to the protein solution? | the polypeptide return to its original conformation |
| Q4,5) Which of the following is not feature commonly observed beta sheet? a) antiparallel region b. coiled-coil pattern c. extended polypeptide backbone d. parallel regions | coiled- coil pattern |
| Q4.6) Unfolded proteins are responsible for such disease as Alzheimer's and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. What is the fat of the disease-causing unfolded proteins? | formation of protein aggregates |
| Q4.7) Which type of protein would you expect to have a coiled-coil domain? a) insulin b)collagen c) hemoglobin d)porin | collagen |
| Q4.8) What is the name of the site on the enzyme where the ligand binds? | active site |
| Q4.10) EcoRI is an enzyme that recognizes and cuts a specific DNA sequence, What classification of enzyme is EcoRI? | Nuclease |
| Q4.11) What mechanism best describes the manner in which lysozyme lowers the energy requires for its substrate to reach its transition state conformation? | by altering the shape of the substrate to mimic the conformation of the transition state |
| Q4.12) ATP is hydrolyzed to power the cellular processes, increasing the pool of ADP. as the relative amount of ADP molecules increase ADP can bind to glycolytic enzymes, leading to the production of more ATP. This mechanism of regulation is___________. | Allosteric activation |
| Q4.13) T/F Peptide bonds are the only covalent bonds that can link together 2 amino acids in protein | false |
| Q4.14) T/F The polypeptide backbone is free to rotate about each peptide bond | true |
| Q4.19) T/F Disulfide bridges can form btwn 2 cysteine amino acids in a protein | True |
| Q5.1) What type of macromolecule helps package DNA in eukaryotic chromosomes | proteins |
| Q5.2) DNA replication is considered semiconservative because__________. | each daughter DNA molecule consists of one strand from the parent DNA molecule and one new strand |
| Q5.3) The N-terminal tail of histone H3 can be extensively modified, and depending on the , location, and combination of these modification, these changes may promote the formation of heterochromatin. What is the result of heterochromatin formation? | Gene silencing |
| Q5.4) If the genome of E. coli requires about 29 minutes to replicate itself, how can the genome of the fruit fly be replicated in only 3 min? | the fruit fly contains more origins of replication |
| Q5.5) The human genome is diploid genome. However, when germ-line cells produce gametes, these specialized cells are haploid. What is the total number of chromosomes found in each of the gametes (egg or sperm) in your body? | 23 |
| Q5.9) What part of the DNA replication process would be most directly affected if strain of bacteria lacking DNA ligase were used to make the cell extracts? | Lagging-strand completion |
| Q5.12) DNA binding proteins and protein complexes must be able to gain access to the DNA molecule. Chromatin-remodeling complexes provide this access by__________? | Using the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move nucleosomes |
| Q5.16) The inactivation of one X chromosome is est. by the directed spreading of heterochromatin. the silent state of this chromosome is _________ in the subsequent cell division. a. completed b. switched b. erased d. maintained | maintained |
| Q5.19) which of the following in not a chemical modification commonly found on core histone N-terminal tails? a. Methylation b. Hydroxylation c. phosphorylation d. acetylation | Hydroxylation |
| Q7.1) How does neuron and a white blood cell carry out different functions? | The neuron express some mRNAs that the white blood cell does not |
| Q7.5) Which of these methods of controlling eukaryotic gen expression in not employed in prokaryotic cells? a. often a gene is transcribed b.which mRNA are exported for the nuclease to cytosol c.which mRNA are translated into protein by the ribosomes | b. controlling which mRNA are exports form the nucleus to the cytosol |
| Q7.6) What are operons? | A cluster of genes transcribed as a single mRNA |
| Q7.7) How are most eukaryotic transcription regulators able to affect transcription when their binding sites are far form the promoter? | by looping out the intervening DNA btwn their binding site ans the promoter. |
| Q8.1) What type of phenotypic change is this? "A protein normally localized in nucleus is now localized in the cytoplasm." | Mutation within gene |
| Q8.2) What type of phenotypic change is this? " A protein normally expressed only in the liver is now expressed in blood cells" | mutation in a regulatory region |
| Q8.3) What type of phenotypic change is this? "tandem copies of a gene are found in the genome" | Gene duplication |
| Q8.4) What type of phenotypic change is this? "A copy of bacterial gene is now found integrated on human chromosome" | horizontal gene transfer |
| Q8.5 Changes in DNA that affect a single nucleotide pair called: | point mutations |
| Q8.8) Which of the following functions would you not except to find in the set of genes found in all organisms on Earth? a. DNA replication b. DNA repair c. protein production d. RNA splicing | RNA splicing |
| Q8.9) T/F All point mutations that occur within a gene are lethal to the cell | false |
| Q8.10) T/F Mutations accumulate more rapidly w/in protein coding regions of genes than in noncoding regions of the chromosomes | false |
| Q9.2) A DNA library has been constructed. What information cannot be retrieved from this library? a. gene regulatory sequences b. intron sequences c. sequences of the telomeres amino acid sequences of proteins | sequences of the telomeres |
| Q9.4) A double-stranded DNA molecule can be separated into single strands by heating it to 90 degrees because______. | heat disrupts hydrogen-bonding between complementary nucleotides |
| Q9.5) DNA ligase is an enzyme used when making recombinant DNA molecules in the lab. In what normal cellular process is DNA ligase involved? | DNA replication |
| Q9.6) T/F Plasmids can confer antibiotic resistance to bacterium. | True |
| Q9.7) Why are didoxyribonucleoside triphosphates used during DNA sequencing? | lead to the termination of replication for that strand |
| Q9.8)What is the primary reason for the cooling step in PCR? | Collin the reaction brings the temperature down to a level allowing the primers to form stable hydrogen bonds with the DNA to be amplified |
| Q9.9) DNA can be introduced into bacteria by a mechanism called______. | Transformation |
| Q9.10) Why is an excess of normal deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate molecules (dNTPs) needed during dideoxy sequencing? | DNA polymerase uses the dNTPs to synthesize a DNA molecule complementary to the molecule being sequenced |
| Q10.1) What is a phenomena that will happen if a cell's membrane is pierced? | the membrane reseals |
| Q10.2) Membrane lipids are capable of movement. What movement will not occur spontaneously in biological membrane? | switching between lipid layer |
| Q10.6) Some fats are solid at room temp while others are liquid. What explains the difference? | Unsaturated hydrocarbons |
| Q10.7) where does most new membrane synthesis take place in a eukaryotic cell? | In the endoplasmic reticulum |
| Q10.8) What is the most commonly used was to help purify a membrane protein? | detergent |
| Q10.10)Plasma membrane function depend on the specialized membrane protein. Which role of the plasma membrane could still occur if the bilayer were lacking these protein A intercellular communication b. selective permeability c. cellular movement | Selective permeability |
| Q11.1) What ion is most abundant inside a typical mammalian cell? | K+ |
| Q11.2) What ion is most abundant outside of the mammalian cell? | Na+ |
| Q11.3) In contrast to channels, transporters work by ________ | specific binding to solutes |
| Q11.4) Pumps are transporters that are able to harness energy to drive the movement of solutes across membranes, against their concentration gradient. This type of transport is called ______. | Active transport |
| Q11.5) Ca2+ pumps in the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum are important for___. a. maintaining osmotic balance b. preventing Ca2+ from altering the activity of molecules in the cytosol c. proving enzymes in ER w/ Ca2+ to catalyze activity | preventing Ca2+ from altering the activity of molecules in the cytosol |
| Q11.6) Which of the following best descries the behavior of gated ion channels? a. open continuously when stimulates b. open more frequent in response to given stimulus c. opens more widely as the stimulus becomes stronger d remains closed | open more frequently in response to a given stimulus |
| Q11.10) What is required of the secretion of neurotransmitters at the nerve terminal in response to an action potential? | voltage-gates Ca2+ channel |
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bandrzej
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