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Invert Zoo Final
Invertebrate Zoology Comprehensive Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is catch connective tissue? | Collagenous material that can change its mechanical properties through nervous control. This enables a starfish to change from moving flexibly to becoming rigid. Similarly, sea urchins can lock their normally mobile spines rigidly as a defensive mechanism |
| How does the symmetry of an echinoderm change during metamorphosis? | Begins with bilaterally symmetrical embryo, with a coeloblastula developing first. larva settle to the bottom and the arms and gut degenerate. Left hand side becomes the oral surface, and the right becomes the aboral surface, developing radial symmetry |
| Which echinoderm class is very common in the fossil record, dating back 570 MYA? | Crinoidea |
| What are pedicellaria and what is their function? In which echinoderm classes do they occur? | A pedicellariae is a small wrench- or claw-shaped structure commonly found on Echinoderms, particularly in sea stars (class Asteroidea) and sea urchins (class Echinoidea). Thoughth to keep the body clear of algae, encrusting organisms, and debris |
| Describe how a starfish feeds on molluscs. | grip the bivalve with arms and apply pressure against the closing ligament. Gradually shell is pulled open as the bivalve must open the shell for water flow. When opening large enough, the sea star everts stomach and digests the bivalve |
| What are potential reasons for outbreaks of the Crown-of-Thorns Starfish? | Primary predators removed, and nutrient run-off results in algal blooms, increasing survival of larvae. |
| How can you distinguish a brittle star from a sea star? | Brittle star - madreporite is oral, ambulacra groove absent, arms and body disk sharply distinguished, stomach not eversible Sea star - madreporite is aboral, ambulacra groove open, arms and body disk confluent, oral pore designed for eversible stomach |
| Briefly describe the unique visual system of a brittle star. | Complete skeleton functions as a compound eye with tiny crystals that act as lenses. Each lens is associated with photosensitive nerves. |
| What are the differences between regular and irregular sea urchins? Give one example (scientific or specific common name) for each. | Irregular urchins have secondary bilateral symmetry, anus shifted to outer rim of the body, move along a fixed anterior-posterior axis, adapted to move over sand or mud, short spines used for locomotion instead of tube feet, selective deposit feeders |
| Give examples of how the grazing activities of sea urchins can have positive and negative impacts on ecosystems. | Positive - prevents algal growths on coral reefs Negative - can turn kelp forests into urchin barrens |
| Describe how you could make sea urchin babies in the lab! | Inject KCl to induce spawning in females, collect in beaker of sea water. Sperm can be drawn from aboral surface of males and added to beaker. |
| Describe how sea cucumbers accomplish gas exchange. | contraction of cloacal dilator muscles inrush of water closing of anal sphincter contraction of cloaca water is pressed into respiratory trees contraction of the trees water is forced out again |
| What are cuvieran tubules? | defensive mechanism in sea cucumbers, can be ejected through the anus, sticky and poisonous (saponins). Can immobilize and eventually kill predators |
| Which different feeding strategies occur in sea cucumbers? | Sedentary deposit feeders, mobile deposit feeders, and suspension feeders |
| Which typical chordate features do hemichordates show? What are unique characteristics for the phylum? | Pharyngeal gill slits, dorsal nerve cord, (in acorn worms, also ventral nerve cord). Unique is the diverticulum of anterior gut. Purpose is unknown, but may be glandular |
| What is the typical feeding mode for acorn worms? | Deposit feeding is most common, but some are known to use a suspension feeding method |
| Which hemichordates are colonial? | Class Pterobranchia - Sea Angels |
| In which geographic area do you find most sea angels? | Mostly found around Antarctica |
| Name four synapomorphies for chordates. | Dorsal hollow nerve cord Notochord Post-anal tail Pharyngeal gill slits |
| Amphioxus belongs to the phylum __________________, subphylum __________________. | |
| What organ systems are segmented in amphioxus? | |
| What are the three classes of the Tunicata? Which one(s) is/are benthic and which pelagic? Which one(s) form colonies? | |
| What is the tunic in tunicates and what does it consist of? | |
| What type of larva is shown in the following diagram? Name the larva, the phylum, subphylum and class. Which chordate features are shown that are absent in the adult? | |
| Give an example of an invasive tunicate species. | |
| Which beneficial and detrimental effects can the Crown of Thorns Starfish have on coral reefs? | Crown-of-Thorns and decimate coral reefs, particularly if an outbreak occurs and the reef is already stressed through other factors. Beneficially prevent one species of coral from monopolizing the area, increasing biodiversity of the reef |
| What are the differences between regular and irregular sea urchins? Give one example (scientific or specific common name) for each. | Regular - (Paracentrotus lividus) Irregular - Sand dollar, Sea biscuit |
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