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Microbiology
Chapter 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Principals ways viruses are different from bacteria and other organisms | -Acellular -Ametablolism: no metablolism -Have DNA -Cannot reproduce but live cells do reproduce them |
| Diseases caused by viruses | -Colds, -Herpes -Small pox -Aids -HPV -Cow Pox -Warts -Mealses -Polio -Mumps -Chicken Pox -Rabies -Ebola -Flu -Hepatitis (A,B,C) |
| Compare size of a typical virion to that of a typical bacterium | E-Coli is 1000x bigger than a typical virio |
| Virion | a single virus particle |
| Structure of a virus | Nuclei acid- RNA or DNA (NO VIRUS HAS BOTH NUCLEIC ACID AND HAS 10 GENES) Capsomere- Protein molecule (encoded by gene) Capsid- whole protein coat, made of capsomere (containers) Spikes- Proteins Envelope- made of phospholipid bilayer (cell membrane) |
| How do helical and polyhedral differ | Both refer to the shape of the virus but Helical has a spiral shape and have envelope Polyhedral does not have an envelope(cell membrane) and has many sides ----also check phone |
| How do enveloped and nonenveloped viruses differ | The enveloped virus has a cell membrane and some has spikes on it. The nonenveloped virus does not have a cell membrane and are protected by their capsid alone |
| Events of the viral multiplication cycle | 1. Attachments 2.Entry 3.Biosynthesis 4.Assembly 5.release |
| Attachments | -Proteins on the virions surface"KEYS" bind to proteins on host cells surface "Locks" -Virus move randomly like molecules and bind to a host surface... it can bind to any cells but cannot affect any cells. |
| Entry | VIRIONS ENTERS THE HOST CELL |
| Biosynthesis- Host cells transcribe and its ribosomes translate the virion gene. A virion has both early and late genes | Early Genes-TTfirst code for viral nuclei acid polymerases (copy virus NA) resulting many viral NA inside the host cell Late Genes- TT last Code for: spikes, capsomeres, viral assembly proteins (HIV Prrotease) resulting many coopies of each of these. |
| Assembly | -Some viral compoments "self assemble" -Other viral components must be put together by assembly engymes -Now cells contain many new virions. |
| Release | -Usually kills hosts cell -some virus cause host cells to lyse (late genes code for lytic enzymes) -Other viruses bud from the host cell (enveloped virus (host cell plasma membrane)). |
| Can virus infect any cells | no because Influenza only infect respiratory cells Chiken Pox infect skin/nerve cells Roton infect intestinal cells HIV infect CP4 T lymphocytes cells .............. Influenza can not infect intestinal cells and roton cannot infect skin/nerve cells |
| How does viral infection cause symptoms of disease | -Killer T Lymphocytes can recognizes viral infected cells by killing them while virus is not mature which can help prevent infection. -Activated immune cells (Lymphocytes) secrete inteplenkins which causes: -Fever -fatigue -nausea -achiness |
| How do cells die | by lysis or budding |
| What does it means if the lymphocytes are making the host body have all those symptoms | It means that the body is doing it job and that also the lymphocytes are fighting for our immune system. |
| How to grow virus in lab | give them the kind of cell they can infect...not food (only for bacteria) |
| how bacteriophases are grown in lab | give them bacteria cell |
| Methods used for culturing animal viruses | Some animal viruses can be cultivated in fertilized bird eggs. |
| Why do doctor ask if you are allergic to egg before getting the flu shot? | Flu vaccine are grown in bird eggs and may contain egg |
| How would you culture animal viruses in the laboratory without using eggs? ==transformed cells or continuous cell cultures do not grow in a monolayer resulting in a cytopathic effect | 1. a tissue from a live animal is treated with enzymes to separate the cells 2. Cells are suspended in a liquid culture medium to be kept alive 3. Normal cells or primary cells grow in a monolayer across the bottom of the plate |
| Different between infected and uninfected animal cells. | -Uninfected cells are flat and elongated -infected cells are rounded, smaller and sphyrical |
| Viral infection diagnosis (detect virus we already know about) | 1.Symptomatically 2.Serological rapid tests (ELISA) Direct-dectect viral Ags -virus Indirect- detect host Ags 3.Look for viral NA in PT sample |
| viral infection diagnosis | 4. EM observation of PT samples (look for virions) 5. add PT sample- add it to animal cell culture (if test comes back negative) -look for cytophatic effect(if we know there is virus) |
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