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Final Light Horse
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How much saliva do horses produce per day? | 10 Gallons |
| How much digestion occurs in the stomach? | 10% |
| How long does food remain in the stomach? | 10 minutes |
| How much digestion occurs in the small intestine? | 30% |
| How much FAT is digested in the small intestine? | 90% |
| How much PROTEIN is digested in the small intestine? | 60-70% |
| How much digestion occurs in the cecum? | 15-16% |
| How much digestion ocurs in the large colon? | 38%-50% |
| How much digestion occurs in the small colon? | 9% |
| Name the order of the digestive system. | Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, cecum, large colon, small colon. |
| Antagonistic muscles. | Muscles working opposite each other to produce movement. |
| Synergistic muscles | Muscles contracting at the same time as another muscle to support it or help movement. |
| What 4 things comprise the integumentary system? | Skin, glands, hair, hoof. |
| What is the purpose of the integumentary system? | Protect from mechanical, chemical, & physical harm. |
| Name 4 main functions of the integumentary system. | Aid in theromoregulation. Insect repellant. Prevent fluid loss. Vitamin D synthesis. |
| Name the 3 primary layers of skin. | Epidermis. Hypodermis. Dermis. |
| Name 2 types of glands and give their function. | Sebaceous, secrete oils to ensure coat health. Sudoriferous, produces sweat (waste product, also helps regulate temperature). |
| What is hair made of? | Keratin and protein. |
| What is the arrector pili muscle? | Allows hair to be raised up. |
| What are the 3 parts of the hair? | Cuticle, cortex, and medulla. |
| What are the three parts of the brain? | Brain stem, cerebrum, and cerebellum. |
| What are the 3 systems of the nervous system? | Central nervous system (CNS), Peripheral nervous system (PNS), Specialized sensory organs. |
| Name 3 pieces of the Central Nervous system. | Brain, brain stem, spinal cord. |
| Name 3 pieces of the Peripheral Nervous system. | Spinal, cranial nerves, sensory & motor endings. |
| Name 3 specialized sensory organs. | Eyes, ears, nose. |
| Contrast human ability to perceive sound frequencies with equine ability. | Humans are more sensitive in low, horses in high. |
| How many degrees is a horse's field of vision? | 215 |
| What type of vision do horses have? | Both monocular and binocular. |
| Between horses and humans, which species has eyesight that can more quickly adapt to changing light? | Humans. |
| What are muscles that make movement possible called? | Skeletal muscles. |
| Which two types of muscles perform vital functions? | Smooth, cardiac. |
| Besides enabling movement, name 3 traits of skeletal muscle. | Striated, voluntary, attaches bones to body. |
| Besides location of existence, name 3 traits of smooth muscle. | Non-striated, involuntary, contracts slowly to cause unconcious functioning of vital organs. |
| Besides location of existencec, name 3 traits of cardiac muscle. | Myocardium, involuntary, enable contraction of heart to pump blood. |
| Name the 4 structures of the muscular system. | Muscle fibers, tendons, aponeurous, and fascia. |
| Define "fascia". | Made of connective tissue, collagen and clostin, this covers, supports, and separates muscles. It also connects muscles to skin. |
| Define "aponeurosis". | A fiberous sheet connecting muscular fibers at origin and end. |
| Tendons connect what to what? | Muscle to bone. |
| Ligaments connect what to what? | Bone to bone. |
| Name the two types of skeletal muscles (not skeletal, smooth, or cardiac). | Flexors and extensors. |
| What is the significance of neuromuscular junctions? | Nerve impulses tel muscles to contract or relax here. |
| Name the 3 air passages. | Upper airways, tracheobroncial airways, and lungs. |
| Name the order of the respiratory system. | Pharynx, larynx, trachea, and lungs. |
| What are the four divisions of air volume in the lungs? | Tidal, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, residual. |
| Define "tidal volume". | Volume of air inspired or expired during each breathing cycle. |
| Define "inspiratory reserve volume". | Volume of air that can be inhaled above the tidal volume. |
| Define "expiratory reserve volume". | Volume of air that can be foribly exhaled at the end of the tidal volume. |
| Define "residual volume". | After a maximal forced expiration, the amount that always remains in the lungs. |
| What is the main function of the circulatory system? | Transportation. |
| Give 3 examples of things the circulatory system transports. | Oxygen (lungs to rest of body) & carbon dioxide (rest of body to lungs), nutrient & water (digestive tract to body), waste (cells to kidneys), hormones & defense cells. |
| Name the 4 chambers of the heart. | Right ventricle, left ventricle, right atrium, left atrium. |
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enchantressa
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