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frederick final
music appreciation
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| music | sound organized in time |
| rhythm | temporal organization of sounds in music |
| beats | regularly spaced rhythmic pulses |
| tempo | speed of the beats |
| meter | beats are grouped into regularly recurring patterns |
| measure | groupings of beats that make up the recurring pattern |
| compound meter | simultaneous perception of two different levels of beat |
| irregular/asymmetric meter | grouping twos and threes in an irregular fashion |
| polyrhythm | simultaneous sounding of more than one rhythm or meter |
| syncopation | rhythms contradicting the underlying metric pulse, often by not lining up with the "strong" pulses that create meter |
| dynamics | how loud or soft sounds are |
| timbre | color of sound |
| orchestration | the process of choosing instrumental combinations for a band or orchestral work |
| wind instruments | sound is produced by a vibrating column of air |
| string instruments | sound is generated by a vibrating string |
| percussion instruments | instruments that produce a sound when struck or shaken |
| musical | down to earth characters and plots, colloquial spoken dialogue, popular style of songs |
| obbligato | independent melodic accompaniment |
| accent | some beats are louder than others |
| sforzando | an extra strong accent |
| fermata | a sustain on a certain note of indefinite length |
| flat four | each beat of the measure (four beats) receiving about the same stress |
| amjad | bowed fiddle held vertically |
| dotara | plucked four string long necked lute whose body is carved from a single piece of wood |
| fugue | musical procedure in which successive entrances of the same theme are heard in the different instruments while the earlier entrants play free melodic material |
| concert music | music for focused listening |
| swing | most popular jazz style, based on large ensembles of ten or more musicians who played written arrangements that incorporated improvised solos |
| jazz standards | songs usually associated with jazz |
| rock | music that has emotional vocal interpretation and a heavy emphasis on the beat |
| rockabilly | kind of hillbilly music with a sexy R&B-inspired vocal style, pop oriented lyrics, electric guitar lead, and an emphasis on the beat |
| enharmonic tones | two different names for the same pitch |
| diatonic scale | a seven note scale plus the octave |
| melody | a succession of musical tones organized in a meaningful fashion |
| pitch | highness or lowness of a sound |
| scales | sequences of pitches |
| major scale | all the white notes on the keyboard from one C to the other |
| tonic | main note of the melody |
| minor scale | white keys of the piano from a to a |
| melodic contour | characteristic linear pattern or shape |
| range | distance from the highest note to the lowest note |
| step | to an adjacent note in the scale |
| skip | movement that omits one or more notes in the scale |
| pentatonic scale | scale that has only five pitches |
| chromatic scale | made up of every pitch |
| whole-tone scale | uses every other pitch |
| theme | melody serves as a primary horizontal building material for a piece of music |
| form | how all elements of music contribute to an overall musical shape or structure |
| countermelody | melody that is of secondary importance to the primary melody |
| harmony | produced whenever two or more pitches sound at the same time |
| oranum | melody accompanied by a second part or second melody that moves parallel to it at a specified interval |
| interval | the distance in pitch between two notes sounded together or one after the other |
| chord | three or more notes sounded together |
| triad | three different notes |
| seventh chord | four different notes |
| chord progression | different chords systematically follow each other in a piece of music |
| arpeggio | play the pitches of the chords up and down in a sequence |
| key | series of notes that have certain functions in relation to one another |
| tonality | sensation of a particular chord being "home" and other chords functioning in relation to that chord |
| modulation | process of key change |
| dissonance | sounds that are unpleasing to the ears |
| consonance | pleasing songs |
| texture | the balance between the harmonic and melodic realms in a given musical work |
| monophonic | single melody |
| polyphonic | made up exclusively of the interwoven melodies |
| homophonic | prominent melody supported by chords |
| counterpoint | melodies are pitted against each other |
| tonal density | number and kinds of voices and instruments being employed |
| rhythmic density | amount of rhythmic activity |
| staff | 5 lines and 4 spaces on which musical notes are written |
| clef | french word meaning club, specifies a certain line on the staff to be a certain pitch |
| ledger lines | additional short lines added above or below the staff |
| key signature | a collection of sharps or flats at the beginning of a piece of music |
| accidental | cancels the key signature temporarily |
| tune | shorter part of a melody |
| phrase | series of musical pitches that seem to naturally belong together |
| cadence | stopping or settling place in music |
| motive | musical fragment |
| imitative polyphony | two or more melodies being played or sung simultaneously at different times with melodies being the same |
| non imitative polyphony | two or more melodies being played or sung simultaneously at different times, with melodies being diffferent |
| sonata form | generalized, variable three part formal design that is usually found in the first movements of symphonies, sonatas, concertos, string quartets and overtures. 1) exposition 2) development 3) re-capitulation |
| variation technique | stated and then repeated a number of times, but each repetition is in some way a variation of the original material |
| ecaf fdbge | treble clef/g clef |
| geca afdbg | bass clef/f clef |
| opera | sung drama in which singers play the roles of the characters on a suitably decorated stage |
| libretto | text of an opera |
| overture | orchestral number played before the curtain goes up |
| symphony | work for orchestra that is usually in four movements and focuses on ensemble playing rather than soloists |
| program music | some kind of description or story that was intended to be included in the concert program |
| sonata | work for a solo instrument |
| concerto | three movement work for soloist and orchestra |
| chamber music | instrumental music written for a small number of players with one player on a part and the emphasis on ensemble rather than solo playing |
| concerto | using voices and instruments together |
| tocatta | freestyle form, hard to find a beat |
| fugue | one part answers the other |
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