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urin,repro acid base
Stack #177162
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| True or false, chromosome abnormalities are due only the mother or the child. | False, chromosome abnormalities are due to the father and mother of the child. |
| what type of tissue is found in the cervix. | simple columnar epi. |
| The female reproductive tract is totally diffrent from the___________tract | urinary |
| The female reproductive tract is located between the _________ | bladder and rectum |
| Also known as the Female Gonads | ovaries |
| The ovaries produce primary sex hormones called | (estrogen/progesterone) |
| what are oocytes | eggs that are stored in the ovaries |
| ovulations occurs where | in the ovaries |
| When are oocytes formed in a female | Befor a female is born |
| What part of the female reproductive tract are the fallopian tubes or oviducts found. | Uterine Tubes |
| This area of the female repeoductive tract is the site of tubal ligation | Uterine Tubes |
| What are the 3 layers found in the Uterus wall from the outside to the inside | perimetrium, myometrium,endometrium |
| The Uterine tubes are not conntected to the _________ | ovaries |
| The Uterine tubes have ______ on the ends | fimbrae (fringes) |
| they creat currents to help move the ovulated oocyte into the uterine tubes | fimbrae (fringes) |
| site of fertilization | Uterine tubes |
| known as the site of implantation | endometrium |
| Tissue type found in endometrium | columnar epithelium with thick connective tissue |
| The tissue type found in myometrium | smooth muscle layer |
| Known as the constricted neck of the uterus | cervix |
| the cervix has__________ that form a plug in the cervix | cervical mucus glands |
| The vagina is _____ inches long | 3 to 4 |
| In the female reproductice tract this is found between the bladder and rectum | Vagina |
| known as the female organ of copulation | Vagina |
| Tissue type found in Vagina | stratified squamous epithelium, tough |
| True or false the viginna contains glands | false, there are no glands in the vagina |
| How is the vagina lubercated | lubricated by cervical mucus glands |
| Is thw vigina consider to be basic or acidic? | It has a low pH, so it is acidic |
| The external Genitalia is also known as the _______ | Vulva |
| The clitoris is found in the _____ area of the female reproductive tract | External Genitalia (Vulva) |
| The clitoris is similar to the ________ in the male reproductive system | glans penis |
| known as the covering on top of clitoris | prepuce |
| the prepuce is similar to the _______ of the male repoductive system | foreskin |
| What are the two coverings in the Labia | Majora and Minora |
| one of the coverings in the libia that is skin, it is equivalent to the scrotum | Majora |
| One of the coverings in the libia that is made up of mucus membranes and equivalent to the ventral penis | Minora |
| Inside the minora this is the intial opening of the vagina | vestibule |
| The urethra is found | inside the minora |
| known as the greater vstibular glands | bulbourethral glands |
| secrete mucus into vestibule for lubercation | greater vestibular galnds (bulbourethral glands) |
| what are the the 4 hormones in the female reproducive system | estrogen, progesterone,follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH) |
| a hormone i the female reproductive system that is produced by the corpus luteum of the ovaries | progesterone |
| a hormone in the female reproductive system that is produced by the ovaries | estrogen |
| What are the two hormones in the female reporductive system that are secreted by the pituitary | Follicle stimulating Hormone (FSH)and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) |
| involves changes in the ovary and endometrium | menstrual |
| In menstrual cycle the period in which shedding of the endometrium happens. All hormones are low, and FSH kicks in near the end of this peiod | Day 1-5 |
| In menstrual cyclethe period in which the endometrium starts to rebuild and thicken under high estrogen levels and the cervical mucus starts to thin | days 6-14 |
| this hormone causes endometrium to prepare for ovulation | estrogen |
| In the menstral cycle in this period ovulation occurs. estrogen starts to drop causing spike in LH | day 14 |
| LH causes what to be ovulated? | oocytes |
| In this period of the mentstral cycle the corpus luteum is left behind after the oocytes have ovulated, progestrin is secreated and the uterus is being prepared for implantation, the uterus mucus glands hae secreated nutrients into uterine cavity | days 15-28 |
| known as the pregnacy supporting hormone | progesterone |
| when corpus luteum progresses and becomes a scar, progestion levels drop, arteries in the endometrium constrict and cause edometrial cells to die and puts you back at day 1-5 | There is no fetilization |
| the scar that forms from the corpus luteum when no fertilization happens in the menstral cycle is called | corpus albicans |
| when corpus luteum stays active and continues to secrete progesterone untill the placenta can take over, HGC is secreated which keeps corpus luetum going | when fertilization happens |
| this is known as the pregnancy hormone, coming from the pre-embryo that keeps the corpus luetum going | HCG |
| Oocytes can be viable for | 12 to 24 hours (1day) |
| Sperm can be viable for | 24 to 72 hours (3-4 days) |
| in female sexual response this type of nerve causes an erection in females | parasympathetic |
| in an erction caused by the parasympthatic in the feamle sexual response what is effected | clitoris, aginal mucosa and breat engorge with clood, and vestibular glandsincrease secreation |
| nuerotransmitters secreated in big amounts during sexual intercoarse (orgasim) and during pregancy with the putitary gland helps to contract when giving birth | oxytocin |
| type of nerve that helps cause uterus contaction along with oxytocin | sympathetic |
| inflamation/infection of endometrium causing extreem pain and looks like cobwebs | endometriosis |
| bacteria/infectious agent gets into abdominal cavity. Typically from STD but can come from surgeris or ruptured appendix | Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) |
| conceptus, is implanted somewhere other than the uterine wall, useally in the tubes | Ectopic pregnacy |
| term used in conceptus development in stages of development of a child at(week 1-3) | pre-embryo |
| term used in concetous development for the stages of development that is at week 3-8 | embryo |
| paternal twins are known as | identical twins |
| peternal twins have ___ cell differation at 5-6 days in gestation | No |
| paternal twins= ___egg(s) and ____ sperm | one,one |
| Faternal twins are | non-identical |
| polyspermy describes | an egg that has been fertilized by more than one sperm |
| kicks in about 3rd month of gestation, where featal and maternal blood nerve mix | placenta |
| The featal side of the placenta contains | chorion with chornic villi |
| the maternal side of the placenta contains | decidua |
| In gestation this is amnion filled with amniotic fluid and contains allantois | fetal membrane |
| In the fetal membrane the amnion is filled with amniotic fluid that is filtered | from mother’s plasma and then fetus urine |
| In fetal circulation this carries oxygen rich blood from the placenta to fetal liver | Umbilical vein |
| In fetal circulation this receives most of the blood and completely bypasses the liver | Ductus venosus |
| In fetal circulation this takes oxygen rich blood mixes with venous (unoxygenated) blood to produce “mixed load” | Vena cava |
| In featus circulation this is found in intra-atrial septum; shunts blood to left atrium and bypasses lungs | Foramen ovale |
| Featus Circulation | Umbilical vein - carries oxygen rich blood from the placenta to fetal liver >>> Ductus venosus - receives most of the blood and completely bypasses the liver >>> Vena cava - oxygen rich blood mixes with venous (unoxygenated) blood to produce “mixed load |
| Produces progesterone | Corpus luteum |
| Contains a primary oocyte and 2 cell layers that make estrogen | Primary follicle |
| Some are turned on each month under FSH stimulation | Primordial follicle |
| This has many cells layers and an undeveloped antrum | Secondary follicle |
| Which structure makes up most of the male urethral length? | spongy urethra |
| true or false a vasectomy is 50% reversible because the ligatures will eventually be phagocytized | false |
| Which of the following gases is essential for normal erection | nitric oxide |
| The blood-testis barrier is made up of ________ cells. | Sertoli |
| The meiotically active cells in the testes lie in the ___________. | adluminal compartment |
| Xenobiotics are | substances with estrogen effects, which block the action of male hormones, and may be the cause of the decrease in male fertility seen over the last 50 years. |
| true or false, Testosterone produced in the adrenal glands will support testosterone-mediated functions if the supply from the testis is decreased. | false |
| The __________ follicle is the mature ovarian follicle | vesicular |
| Fertilization usually occurs in the _________ of the fallopian tube | ampulla of the fallopian tube |
| Which structure provides the principal support for the uterus? | The muscles of the pelvic floor |
| The __________ is considered the female organ of copulation. | vagina |
| Which structure is thought to provide the route of HIV transmission from an infected male to the female during sexual intercourse? | dendrite cells |
| The _________ in the female is homologous of the penile bulb and corpus spongiosum in the male. | clitoris |
| true or false There is no hereditary influence for the development of breast cancer. | false |
| High levels of what hormone exert a positive feedback on the brain and pituitary during the ovarian cycle? | estrogen |
| ______________is considered is the most common endocrinopathy in females? | Endometriosis |
| In response to parasympathetic stimulation | blood flow increases to the penis |
| The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that | in oogenesis, one mature ovum is produced, and in spermatogenesis four mature sperm are produced |
| The organ that makes estrogen and progesterone is the: | ovary |
| The primary sex organ of the male is the | testes/gonads |
| The reason why the testes are suspended in the scrotum is | to provide for a cooler temperature |
| This contains enzymes in male reproductive system | The sperm's acrosome |
| The surge in LH that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers | ovulation. |
| known as the testes or testicles | Male gonads |
| male gametes are known as | sperm |
| sac of skin outside the abdominopelvic cavity | scrotum |
| sperm is ____ degrees lower than abdominal cavity temperature | 3 degrees |
| Where do testies migrate? | from the pelvic cavity |
| failure of decent in a normal way of the scrotum | crytorchidism |
| what are the 2 problems with cryptorchidism | can cause cancer or becoming steril |
| Do the internal and external male and female reproductive structures develop from the same embryonic tissues? | yes |
| In testicular response to temperature fluctuations If cold the testes are held closer to the body | are held closer to the body |
| In testicular response to temperature fluctuations if warm the testes are held away from body | away from body |
| In testicular response to temperature fluctuations the two muscel that are most important are | cremaster and tunica dartos muscles |
| location of cremaster muscle | inspermatic cord, arises from interal oblique muscles, wraped around the testical |
| job of the cremaster muscle | raise and lower the scrotum in order to regulate the temperature of the testis and promote spermatogenesis |
| location of tunica dartos muscle | lies beneath the skin of the scrotum |
| job of the tunica dartos muscle- | acts to regulate the temperature of the testicles, which promotes spermatogenesis. It does this by expanding or contracting to wrinkle the scrotal skin. |
| contains the cells that make sperm | seminiferous tubules |
| cells that make sperm which secrete a small amount of semen volume and create a blood/testes barrier are called | spermatogonia and sertoli |
| known as the cells of Leydig, they secrete testosterone | interstitial cells |
| site of sperm maturation located on top of each testes 1.5 inches long, 20 feet of tubes when uncoiled | Epididymis |
| which takes about 20 days and sperm storage which can be up to several months | sperm maturation |
| abdominous muscle is called the | inguinal ring |
| are protrusions of abdominal cavity contents through the inguinal canal | Inguinal hernia |
| What things are found in the spermatic cord | testicular artery, papiniform plexus of testicular vein, ductus (vas) deferens, autonomic nerve fibers, cremaster muscle |
| In the spermatic cord the testicular artery's purpose is | to take oxygen to the testicals |
| Pampiniform plexus purpose in the spermatic cord is | is being a neting around artery with several branches that absorbs heat from arterial blood and makesit cooler before entering the testicals |
| Ductus (vas) deferens purpose in the spermatic cord is | carries sperm from epididymis to the ureathra |
| controlled by the sympathetic nerve fribers autonomic nerve fiber purpose in the spermatic cord is | ejaculation |
| The cremaster muscle purpose in the spermatic cord is | to pull testicals up |
| Path of sperm during ejaculation | from the scrotum back into abdominopelvic cavity to link up with the urinary system and out urethra |
| contracts and places sperm into the ductus (vas) deferens (18 inches long and site of vasectomy) | The epididymis |
| The ductus deferens runs up though | the inguinal canal and into the abdominal cavity |
| true or false Sperm is the same thing as semen (ejaculate). | false, Semen or ejaculate contains sperm plus all the things the sperm needs to survive the hostile environment for which it is intended and to help it achieve it’s purpose. |
| Accessory sex glands that produce the majority of the semen | . Paired Seminal vesicles ,Prostate,Bulbourethral glands |
| Actual pathway of sperm during ejaculation | Sperm is in epididymis which contracts & places sperm into the ductus(vas)deferens.The ductus deferens runs up though the inguinal canal & into abdominal cavity,loops around bladder &joins up w/ urethra in middle of prostate gland, takes usual route o |
| secrete into the ductus deferens secrete 60% of semen volume including alkaline fluid,fructose, coagulating enzymes,and prostaglandin | Paired Seminal vesicles |
| 25% of semen volume activates sperm and contained fibrinolysis, citric acid,(PSA) | prostate |
| like a tumor marker, present in great amounts means thier is prostate cancer (PSA) | prostate specific antigen |
| in prostate this helps destory coagulating clumpy stuff and helps egg cells | fibrinolysis |
| secretes into urethra neutralizes any traces of urine in the urethra and secretes mucus to lubricate the urethra and decrease sperm damage | Bulbourethral glands |
| 2-5 mls of semen per ejaculate which contains _______ sperm | 50-130 million |
| An average male matures______sperm daily | 300 million |
| less than _______sperm per ejaculate is considered sterile | 20 million |
| Male organ of copulation, Shared with the urinary tract | Penis |
| _____ plus _____ makes up the male external genetalia | Penis,scrotum |
| The shaft or body of the penis has an enlarged tip termed the | glans penis |
| prepuce of foreskin is the | site of circumcision |
| is highly innervated covered by the prepuce of foreskin contains the external urethral orifice | glans penis |
| there are_____ bodies of erectile tissue inside the penis | 2 |
| are a spongy network of blood sinuses (spaces filled with blood vessels) | erectile bodies |
| When the arteries within erectile tissue dilate under the influence of nitric oxide released by parasympathetic nervous system the | increased blood flow compresses the veins and they can no longer move blood back into venous system causing erection. |
| males have a ____________ and is said to be due to “venous engorgement” | hemodynamic penis |
| occurs when the arteries do not dilate completely and the veins aren’t completely closed off | Erectile dysfunction |
| is under control of the sympathetic nervous system, causesbladder sphincter closes off .All accessory sex glands secrete | Ejaculation |
| In ejaculation ________ contraction occurs along the ductus deferens and the urethra to move ejaculate out. | rhythmic muscle |
| hormone in the male reproductive sysytem causes testosterone to be released | Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
| hormone in the male reproductive sysytem that stimulates sperm formation | Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH |
| hormone in the male reproductive sysytem from sertoli cells decreases sperm formation | Inhibin |
| hormone in the male reproductive sysytem that controls male sex characteristics (primary and secondary) and libido | 4. testosterone |
| Normal sperm can live ____days in the female reproductive tract | 2 to 3 days |
| There are some reports of “super sperm” that can live for up to ____ | 5 days |
| holds 23 chromosomes | the head of the sperm |
| like a suit case containg energy to run flagella | midepiece of sperm |
| known as flagella causes movement of sperm | tail of sperm |
| in sperm this cannot concive till this is mature, which occurs 12 hours after ejacualtion | acrosome |
| HGC secretes from where | pre-embryo |
| The body mass of healthy males –_______water | 60 % |
| The body mass of healthy females – __________ water | 50% |
| The body mass of babies - _______ water | 70% |
| The body mass of elderly -_______ water | 45% |
| All of this water is found within two “fluid compartments” of the body called | Intracellular fluid compartment (IFC) and Extracellular fluid compartment (ECF) |
| inside the trillions of cells in our body. About 2/3 of all body water is found in this | Intracellular fluid compartment (IFC) |
| the other 1/3 of water in our body is found outside the cells as: | Extracellular fluid compartment (ECF |
| 20% of the total ECF is found in____________. | the blood stream |
| 80% of ECF is found in __________, the fluid within the tissues | interstitial fluid |
| specialized areas interstitial fluid is found | Lymph fluid, CSF, Humors of the eye, Synovial fluid, Serous fluid and GI secretions |
| What is an acid? | substance that releases hydrogen ions |
| names for aicid in the stomach of the body | HCL |
| Cellular metabolism generates this | generates H+ |
| Skeletal muscle can generate______ when working in a low oxygen situation (anaerobic respiration) | lactic acid |
| Fat breakdown produces ______ which are acidic | ketones |
| The way carbon dioxide is carried in the plasma generates_______ | H+ |
| What is a base? | a substance that binds with hydrogen ions |
| Some important sources of bases in the body are | Intestines producing bicarbonate (HCO3) and Many foods |
| a logarithmic measurement of a fluids acidity or alkalinity | pH |
| pH scale is _____ | 0-14 |
| the number of H+ is equal to the number of things that can bind them the pH is 7 making it | neutral |
| _____ is acidic- there are more H+ ions than things to bind with them | less than 7 |
| ______is alkaline or basic – more things to potential bind H+ than H+ | greater than 7 |
| •Arterial blood normal pH is | 7.4 or (7.35-7.45) |
| Venous blood and plasma normal pH is | 7.35 |
| Intracellular fluids normal pH is | 7 |
| true or false All of the proteins in our body including all enzymes and hemoglobin are very sensitive to pH changes. | true |
| 3 Primary ways to control pH | Chemical buffers, Respiration, Kidneys |
| • A quick but temporary fix. Work immediately. These work to tie up strong acids and bases by changing them into weaker ones until a permanent solution can get rid of them. ( these are simply bandaids) | Chemical buffers |
| There are 3 buffer systems in the body | Protein buffer system,Phosphate buffer systemCarbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system |
| plays a role in acid/base balance because exhalation gets rid of carbon dioxide. Because carbon dioxide in not water-soluble it is changed in the following way to be transported to the lungs. | respiration |
| the more CO2 blown off (hypocapnia) and shifts equation to the left | Increased respiration rate and depth |
| the more CO2 retained (hypercapnia) and shifts equation to right generating H+ | Decreased respiration rate and depth |
| what two things help our Body Detects pH Changes in our blood? | Receptors in the medulla oblongata, Respiration rate |
| These in the body helps to detects pH changes in the blood by detecting rise in CO2 levels and/or rising H+ concentrations and increase respiration. It can also detect falling levels of the same and decrease respiratory rate. | Receptors in the medulla oblongata |
| can change within minutes of detecting changing blood levels but is limited to its control over CO2 (volatile acid). If the high H+ concentration is due to something other than CO2 such as a “fixed acid or base”, | Respiration rate |
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