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Forensics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| matter | anything that has mass and takes up space |
| non-matter | sound, light, and heat |
| property | characteristic of a substance that can be observed |
| weight | force of gravity acting on an object |
| density | amount of mass per unit volume |
| intensive property | do not depend on amount of substance being tested/observed |
| 1.0 g/mL | water's density |
| refraction | bending of a light wave as it passes from one medium to another |
| chemical properties | a property that can only be observed by changing the identity of the substance |
| flammability, ability to rust, reactivity with vinegar | examples of chemical properties |
| optical properties | color and refractive index |
| non-optical properties | surface wear, striations from manufacturing, thickness, surface film or dirt, hardness, density |
| resistant to all but fluorine and very strong bases | chemical properties of glass |
| glass | fusion of sand, soda, and lime that produces a transparent solid when cooled |
| physical property | can be observed without changing a substance's identity |
| element | substance that only has one type of matter in it |
| element is a building block of matter | how are matter and element related? |
| atom | smallest particle of an element that can exist and still retain its identity |
| compound | two or more elements joined chemically |
| solid, liquid, gas | three states of matter |
| amount of space between particles (freezing, melting, and boiling points) | what chemical property of a substance determines its state? |
| physical because the chemical compositions stay the same | are changes of state physical or chemical changes? |
| wavelength | length from crest to crest or trough to trough |
| different colors come from different wavelengths of light | how is color related to the behavior of light? |
| wavelength or frequency | what property distinguished different types of electromagnetic radiation from one another? |
| temperature | measure of heat intensity |
| weigh it | how is the mass of an object determined? |
| hardness, color, density | examples of intensive property |
| borosilicate glass | 5% borax is added to resist breaking when heated or cooled |
| colored glass | metal oxides or colloidal iron and sulfur are added to change its color |
| lead glass | lead increases refractive index and density |
| flat glass | made by a "float glass process"; molten glass is floated on a pool of tin while cooling (commonly found in doors and windows) |
| laminated glass | two sheets of glass with plastic between them (used in windshields) |
| tempered safety glass | designed to break into tiny pieces (used in car side window) |
| away | glass acts initially as an elastic surface and bends in which direction when force is applied |
| radial cracks | form first and are propagated in short segments on the side opposite the force |
| concentric cracks | come from continued pressure on the same side as the force applied |
| refractive index | ratio of velocity of light in a vacuum to velocity of light in a given substance |
| sand | main ingredient in ordinary glass |
| soda lime glass | what kind of glass is used most commonly in bottles and windows? |
| match it with a bigger piece of the glass like a jigsaw puzzle | what is the only way to individualize glass fragments found at a crime scene to a single source? |
| density and refractive index | what physical properties are used most often to characterize glass particles? |
| flotation | method for measuring density |
| immersion method | how can a forensic scientist determine the refractive indices of suspect glass fragments? |
| Liter | basic unit |
| radial cracks then concentric cracks | when an object strikes a piece of glass, how does it fracture? |
| becke lines | edges of lines |
| soil | any disintegrated surface material, natural and/or artificial, that lies on or near the earth's surface |
| color and texture | visual comparison of identification technique |
| mineral | naturally occurring crystalline solid |
| rock | combination of minerals |
| igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary | types of rock |
| density-gradient tube | way to analyze soil |
| density-gradient tube | a glass tube filled from bottom to top with liquids of successively lighter densities |
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pace_sauce
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