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Chapter 10 and 11-4
Mitosis and Meiosis
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are three reasons why cells divide | DNA Overload, nutrient and waste exchange, reproduction is a tricky business |
| what is the DNA like in a prokaryotic cell? | free |
| How many chromosomes are in humans? | 46-23 pair |
| surface area | nutrient and waste movement |
| volume | nutrient and waste usage |
| what is the desired ration for surface area and volume | SA:V |
| where are the chromosomes in a eukaryotic cell? | nucleus |
| centromere | center of chromosome |
| what is a chromatid | 1/2 of a chromosome after is doubles |
| What are the five stages of the cell cycle? | interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
| what are the four stages of mitosis? | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
| What are the three stages of interphase | G1 phase, S phase and G2 phase |
| what is G1 phase and how long is it? | growth, 10 hours |
| What is S phase and how long is it? | DNA replication, 9 hours |
| What is G2 phase and how long is it? | 4 hours, preparation for mitosis |
| In what phase do cells spend most of their life? | interphase |
| What is M phase and how long does it take? | cell division, 1 hour |
| What are three reasons that cells divide? | "DNA overload," Nutrient and waste exchange and reproduction is a tricky business. |
| What are the two parts of the chromosome? | chromatid and centromere |
| Why is a large surface area to volume ratio ideal in cells? | Makes cell processes easier and more efficient. |
| Name the four stages of the cell cycle. | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| What happens in the M stage? | the nucleus splits to make two new identical cells |
| Diploid cells | 2N-full set of chromosomes |
| how many chromosomes are in a human? | 46-23 pair |
| What are the five stages of mitosis? | interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
| what happens to the chromatin during prophase? | it condenses= visible chromosomes |
| what is the chromatin? | unravelled DNA |
| What happens to the nuclear membrane during prophase? | it breaks down |
| What happens to the centriole in prophase? | it moves to opposite ends of the nucleus. |
| What happens to the nuclear membrane after it breaks down? | it dissolves |
| What happens to the spindle during prophase? | it starts to form |
| what is the spindle? | web-like structure made of microtubules that chromosomes attach to |
| What is the function of the spindle? | arranges chromosomes into position for cell division |
| What happens to the chromosomes during nuclear division? | they attach to the spindle |
| What is the spindle like during metaphase? | fully formed |
| Where are the chromatid pairs during metaphase? | middle of the spindle, still visible |
| What happens to the chromatid pairs during anaphase? | they split and travel to opposite ends of the spindle |
| What are the halved chromatids (anaphase) now called? | chromosomes |
| What happens to nuclei during telophase | two new nuclei are formed |
| What happens to the nuclear membrane during telophase? | the nuclear membrane is reformed and the nucleolus appears |
| What happens to the chromosomes during telophase? | they disperse |
| What is cytokinesis and when does it occur | It occurs in telophase and it is the splitting of the cytoplasm |
| What is another way of defining mitosis? | the splitting of the cytoplasm |
| In plants, what happens during cytokinesis | the cell plate becomes the cell wall |
| Which phase of the cell cycle is the longest? | interphase |
| Name one thing that happens during prophase | nuclear membrane dissolves |
| what happens to chromosomes during anaphase | go to opposite ends of cytoplasm |
| What happens during cytokinesis? | the cytoplasm splits |
| chromosomes | DNA code for traits |
| How many alleles make up a gene? | 2 |
| How many genes are in a chromosome? | 2 |
| list these from smallest to largest: Allele, chromosomes, DNA, gene, traits | DNA, allele, gene, chromosomes, traits |
| What is the smallest unit? | DNA |
| What is a trait | characteristic or feature |
| What do traits cause | variation in a population |
| what are some examples of traits? | hair color, eye color, nose size |
| Where does meiosis take place? | gonads |
| What does meiosis make in males | sperm |
| What does meiosis make in females | egg |
| Gonads make? | gametes |
| In males the____ make sperm | testis |
| In females _____ make eggs | ovaries |
| What is different about different species and their chromosomes? | the number of chromosomes |
| what is a full set of chromosomes called? | diploid, 2N |
| Haploids come in? | pairs |
| Where do we get our haploid pairs? | One from our mother and one from our father |
| What are chromosome pairs called and how many do we have? | homologous, 23 pair |
| Why are total chromosome numbers always even? | they come in pairs |
| What are autosomes? | #1-22 chromosome pairs |
| What number is the sex chromosome? | 23rd |
| What is the sex chromosome? | determines gender |
| What letters are female and male sex chromosomes | Female: XX Male: XY |
| Place these in order from smallest to largest: gene allele, DNA, chromosome | DNA, allele, gene, chromosome |
| Where does meiosis occur in males and females? | gonads |
| What are homologous chromosomes? How many do humans have? | chromosome pairs, 23 |
| What is the genetic make-up of a femae? | XX |
| Why is the chromosome number usually even? | they come in pairs |
| Which phase is the variation phase in Meiosis? | prophase |
| What happens to the chromosomes in Interphase I? | they double |
| Where are the chromatids in Metaphase I? | middle |
| What happens to the chromatids in anaphase I? | they separate |
| What happens in telophase I? How many chromosomes are there now? | cells divide, 2N=46 |
| Crossing over occurs when? How many chromosomes are there now? | It occurs in prophase. there are now 4N=92 chromosomes |
| What is the end result of meiosis? | 4 different haploid gametes |
| How many chromosomes is 1N? | 23 chromosomes |
| What is made from meiosis in males? | 4 sperm |
| What is made from meiosis in females? | 1 egg, and 3 polar bodies |
| What is the chromosomes number for prophase II? | 2N=46 chromosomes |
| What happens during metaphase II? | middle |
| What happens during anaphase II? | 2nd separation |
| Chromosomes in an immature egg or sperm cell? | full set of chromosomes 2N diploid |
| How many cell divisions are there if a cell undergoes meiosis? | 2 |
| After meiosis what does the egg or sperm develop into? | mature egg or sperm, 1N haploid |
| Why do cells divide by meiosis | to reduce chromosome number in sex cells to haploid numbers |
| What does crossing over cause? | chromosome variety=genetic diversity |
| What happens to the chromosomes after fertilization? | 2N diploid or full set of chromosomes |
| What is genetic recombination? | tetrads form-crossing over occurs |
| Variety of chromosomes come from | exchange of parts of homologous chromosomes |
| what happens to the alleles when crossing over occurs? | trade locations |
| Meiotic cells divide... | twice |
| Number of chromosomes in meiotic cells | 1/2 chromosome number |
| A meiotic cell is... | a sperm or egg |
| what is nondisjunction | chromosomes fail to dis-join or separate |
| What is a trisomy | zygote with 3 of one type of chromosome |
| What is a monosomy? | zygote with 1 of one type of chromosome |
| How does a female child result from fertilization? | daddy gives X and mommy gives X, so the 23rd chromosome is XX |
| How does a male child result from fertilization? | daddy gives y, mommy gives X, the 23rd chromosome is XY |
| What is used to represent haploid and how many chromosomes is this in humans? | 1n, 23 |
| what is produced from meiosis? | 4 different haploid gametes |
| What causes genetic variation and occurs during meiosis? | crossing over |
| Write the mathematical formula for fertilization. | 2N(egg)+1N(sperm)=3N |
| The pairs of chromosomes are called what? | homologous chromosomes |
| What are chromosomes #1-22 called? | autosome |
| Which chromosome pair determines the sex? | 23rd |
| how many chromosomes are shown in a human karyotype? | 46 |
| If an organism's diploid number is 8, what is its haploid number? | 4 |
| What happens during prophase of meiosis I that leads to genetic variation? | crossing over |
| What process produces gametes? | meiosis |
| what are the chemical factors called that determine traits? | genes |
| What is used to represent the number of chromosomes in a gamete? | N |
| how many cells result from meiosis? | 4 |
| what are the different forms of a gene called | allele |
| How many chromosomes are present in our gametes compared to our body cells? | half |
| During prophase I of meiosis, when 4 chromatids combine, what is this structure called? | tetrad |
| What does meiosis produce? | 4 different haploid gametes |
| What gas is released from plants during photosynthesis? | oxygen |
| how would you know if a cell is a prokaryote? | no nucleus |
| What part of the cell controls what enters and leaves the cell? | cell membrane |
| Which organelle turns food energy into chemical energy? | mitochondria |
| When is DNA replication during the cell cycle? | S phase-interphase |
| Label the two parts of a copied chromosome | chromatid and centromere |
| name the four mitosis phases in order | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| name the three interphase phases in order | G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase |
| What part of the cell during division helps to separate the chromosomes | spindle |
| what process produces gametes? | meiosis |
| If an organism's diploid number is 36, what is its haploid number? | 18 |
| During mitotic division, if a parent cell has 10 chromosomes how many will each daughter cell contain? | 10 |
| The number of chromosomes in a gamete is represented as what? | N |
| What doesn't happen during meiosis I and meiosis II that reduces the number of chromosomes? | the chromosomes don't copy because they nucleus doesn't divide? |
| What is produced from meiosis? | four different haploid gametes |
| What happens during prophase I that leads to genetic variation? | crossing over |
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3j0mk1
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